The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - PO Box for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative degree called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

Comparative degree an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) form of the superlative degree of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: the basis of the positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, high

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as a nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).

When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, one should take into account the differences between them.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very much alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed. also the lack of use in short form of individual adjectives expressing a permanent property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of characteristics: The opposite wall is blank; fresh flowers in a vase etc.

   Some short forms are used sparingly. So, they are usually not used when denoting weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is fine.

   The names of some colors or not at all are used in the short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. Thus, there are almost no masculine forms drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter gender and plural forms).

   In phraseological units, in some cases only full forms were fixed, in others only short forms. Wed:

   A) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, the bribes are smooth, the matter is bad, dear to the heart, the hands are short, the conscience is unclean etc.

2. Long forms usually denote a permanent attribute, a timeless quality, and short forms -
   temporary symptom, short-lived condition; compare: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This provision is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, is affected by the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although indicated constant sign; Such constructions are used in scientific statements, definitions, and descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these demands are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary feature, but between the last two forms in the context shades of semantic difference are revealed. Wed:

   He was old(constant sign).

   He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to a given moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a characteristic limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the long form denotes an absolute attribute not related to a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative attribute in relation to a specific situation. Typically this distinction appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: the room is low(sign in general) – the room is low(for high furniture); the note is heavy(regardless of who will carry it) – the note is heavy(For weak person, for a child). Wed. Also: boots are too small, gloves are too big, the corridor is narrow, coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, while the full form, used in the nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(using the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing vernacular coloring into the statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; Old man... on easy language and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricalness, while the full form is characterized by a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in book language, the full form - in spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and precise.. Wed. use of the short form in book and written speech: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic...(Bitter).

   You can choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed. with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of assistance to you. – I can't be of any use to your son.

   His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got drunk and became chatty.

   Grandfather was noticeably becoming greedy. – The silence became painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain’s activities. – The supply of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   IN modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be The construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As a rule, either only full or only short forms of adjectives act as homogeneous predicates, for example:

   A) October was unusually cold and stormy(Paustovsky); I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A N. Tolstoy); The power of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   The following constructions violate the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although primitive at their core” (in both cases the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only under special contextual conditions or with a stylistic task is it possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) – if there are words How And So Only the short form is used if there are words Which And such– only full form.
   

7. At polite treatment"you" is possible or a short form (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms short adjectives(on -en and on -enen ), formed from complete forms with unstruck -ny , in neutral styles of speech the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
   
2. Short adjectives are differentiated into -enen and short participles -en . Wed:

   the case is quite certain(clear) – The departure date has already been determined(installed, scheduled);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - The hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives in the short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others do not have a fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   A) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

   Doublet forms possible: spicy - spicy And sharp(colloquial); full - full And full(book, outdated).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. The simple form of the comparative degree is used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and complex is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed. household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the neighboring one; and book: Foreign trade growth rates this year are higher than last year. Wed. Also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than previous ones.
   

   Book and colloquial versions of the simple form of the comparative degree are possible, for example: more lively - more active, louder - louder, more agile - more agile, sweeter - sweeter, sharper - sharper. From the word young a form is formed younger (younger has the meaning “lower in position, in rank, in rank”). The form is clearly colloquial more beautiful.

   Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning “better than before”), more tired than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

   Form of comparative degree on -to her (hurry up, boldly etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree such as “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of literary language; Wed quite common expressions better position, worse habits etc. The combination is not objectionable older.

   Forms with prefix By- , introducing the added value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up earlier etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Combinations like: tell me a little more in detail(in the very form “in more detail” the meaning “a few, a little” is already contained). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix have the same colloquial connotation By- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning “to a greater extent than usual”, for example: My business, if you look at it, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning “as far as possible”, for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we sat on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (on -her ) are characteristic of book speech, the second (in -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: all the more so it is necessary to emphasize this, to speak more than seriously - wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: highest peaks knowledge is the most tall buildings in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.

   An outdated connotation is inherent in constructions formed by combining the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form of -greatest – -the greatest the expression of the limiting characteristic has already been concluded); Such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: by itself best price (Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); the most the most convincing evidence (Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in later times: the most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most impudent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Nowadays, single expressions of this type are preserved: the closest way, the shortest road, the closest way and a few others.

   It is necessary to distinguish between the complex form of the superlative degree, which contains the pronoun most(in cases where a high degree of quality is expressed without comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and a form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic primarily of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions– the most suitable conditions. Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the meeting participants to take the most serious approach to the matter” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in his grandfather’s words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later these neighbors were called to the old woman's hut(Kazakevich).

   Wed. colloquial expressions with double expression of belonging: genitive case noun and possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Mashina's jacket) or two possessive adjectives ( Aunt Lizin's husband).

   Possible endings in genitive and dative cases masculine and neuter adjectives -in ; compare: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have long been replaced in the literary language by forms with a full ending ( -wow, -wow ).

   Forms are outdated -s(-s) , formed from surnames: instead Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used – “Capital” by Marx, “Logic” by Hegel, “Dictionary” by Dahl. The specified forms are saved, as well as forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations entrenched in the language ( adam's apple, Antonov fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas's kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphus's work, Solomon's solution etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be taken into account that adjectives in -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express qualitative meaning; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
3. Possessive adjectives on -new, -different denote not individual, but group affiliation - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive meaning and acquire a qualitative or relative meaning (an expression of property, similarity, relationship to someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed. phraseological units: night blindness, swan song etc.
4. Adjectives on -y, -ya, -ye also express group affiliation or characteristic, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel hair, swan fluff, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: ravenous appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns of the same root with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can perform the same function of definition, for example: fathers' house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookcase - bookcase, spelling exercises - spelling exercises. When choosing one of two parallel constructions, one should take into account the shades of meaning and meaning inherent in them in the context of the context. stylistic features(book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, student's work - student's work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning workers of the factory about which we're talking about, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a particular garden), and the second - more general; in the first version two objects are named, in the second - an object and its attribute. Wed. in context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of people employed in manual labor;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work; it is still student work;

   The garden trellis is painted in green . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   My brother's help was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.

2. Defining adjectives have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive feature of an object, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house - father's house(accessory);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(relationship of part to whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(definitive relations);

   morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstantial relations);

   Moroccan oranges – oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment – ​​laboratory equipment(purpose);

   bronze chandelier – bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam – raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

   Depending on the context, one of the above options is selected. In general terms, it can be stated that combinations of an adjective and a noun are used more often than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual designs wool muffler(not “wool muffler”), leather gloves(not “leather gloves”), allowing you to point out characteristic feature subject, and not just the material.

   Combinations are also common Georgian wines(and not “wines from Georgia”), Pacific herring(not “herring with Pacific Ocean»), Orenburg shawl(and not “a scarf from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give a qualitative description of the item than to indicate its origin. Wed. breaking this last connection in such combinations as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More common combinations children's toys(not “toys for children”), writing paper(not “writing paper”), desktop(and not “desk for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinctive feature of the object.

   However, it should be noted that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, in pairs climb with the agility of a monkey – climb with the agility of a monkey The first construction is supported by its wider applicability (the concept of “monkey agility” is broader than the concept of “monkey agility”, since both humans and animals can demonstrate this dexterity); The second construction is supported by its imagery: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the trait - a monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of an adjective that defines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

   Wed. also the justification of each option in a pair: I knocked and took the door handle . – There was a door handle on the table.

3. Parallel phrases can diverge in their meanings and express different meanings. Wed:

   The enlarged village has real city streets(not “city streets”). – Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were illuminated by gas jets(not “city streets”);

   A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction we created new center cities.

4. Combinations with a qualifying adjective can have a figurative meaning (cf. his body was covered with goosebumps, his crane-like gait was funny, he moved at a snail’s pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

§1. General characteristics of the adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
• changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives- definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, lines of dots lead to changeable characteristics. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship

• synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
• antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ij’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in initial form(im.p., singular, m.p.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed r. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
• light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Don't be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
• The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among simple shapes in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence they are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessives

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessives

4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • In quality
   • In relative
   • In possessive

6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

   • For overweight people
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

   • Not all

10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Correct answers:

1. Quality
2. For quality
3. In possessive
4. For overweight people
5. Not all
6. Not all

Forms of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as brother, aunt, father, friend.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives; in certain cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.

Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to endings question word what: with a great (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.