STYLISTIC COLORING OF PHRASEOLOGISTS

Phraseological phrases, like individual words, can have one or another stylistic connotation. Book phraseology is used mainly in writing. Among the book turns, scientific ones stand out: center of gravity, periodic table, solid state physics, journalistic: shock therapy, live broadcast, law of the jungle, get off stage, reap laurels, go into circulation, stumbling block, put on a toga, official business: consumer basket, minimum wage, subscription company. Among colloquial phraseological units colloquial ones are distinguished: I need a fifth leg like a dog, up to the light bulb, it’s easier on turns, keep your eyes open, break into pieces, break wood, bottomless barrel, roughly colloquial: pour the balls, go crazy with the fat, climb into the bottle, tear the throat. There is also a layer of neutral, commonly used phraseological units: from time to time, keep in mind, keep your word.

· Determine the stylistic marking of phraseological units (bookish, colloquial, colloquial, roughly colloquial):

the mighty of the world no skin, no face, lend a helping hand, roll like a sausage, start from scratch, pain point, black sheep, remain silent, hang on your neck, alpha and omega, lead bread and salt, short conversation, wolf ticket, sink into oblivion , Balaam's donkey, grated roll, never mind, reel in the fishing rods, reap the laurels, Promethean fire, do your bit, without a king in your head, stroke the fur, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, even take out the saints, keep a stone in your bosom, Pandora's box, blue stocking, salt of the earth, Gordian knot, everything is sewn and covered, cornerstone, neither sigh nor groan, burn your ships, stand behind, sit in girls, wipe off the face of the earth, oblique fathoms in the shoulders, two-faced Janus, throw down the gauntlet, a penny worth on a market day, to get publicity, to neither mind nor heart, without hesitation, it won’t be a sin, to call a spade a spade, gallop across Europe, to pay tribute, in hot pursuit, to raise it to the shield.

· Select synonymous phraseological units:

at full speed, in no time, the booby of the king of heaven, on fish fur, ate little porridge, one field of berries, back up, stay on beans, a mosquito won’t hurt his nose, neither fish nor meat, more than enough, to put it bluntly, at least get into a noose, touch a nerve, the grandmother said in two, for nothing, for nothing, bet on it, follow the lead, loudly, they were packed like sardines in a barrel.

· Find antonymous phraseological units:

shut your mouth, be overwhelmed by ambition, heat up the atmosphere, you can’t spill water, muddy the waters, mix with mud, perk up your spirit, sharpen (have) a tooth, take off from your place, hack on your nose, put it on your shoulders, for God knows how long, like in the water lowered, losing one's temper, a stoeros club, not closing one's eyes, turning one's soul out, at the end of one's life, trembling over a penny, at the end of the world, like a picture, breaking into pieces, the trick is in the bag, clear as day, God willing, day and night , get out of the rut, looking at the night, get off cheaply, neither stake nor yard.

· Correct violations of official business phraseology:

a service letter was written, a notification of the arrival of the cargo was sent, a reprimand was issued, a salary was given, all defects were corrected, to save money, due to changes in the dollar exchange rate, the order was signed, we ask you to find funds for bonuses, the volume of work fell by half.

· Correct speech errors related to the use of phraseological units:

There is much to be desired for this student's success. The unenviable palm in crime growth belongs to the Southern Administrative District of the capital. He never thought that these words would come true in his destiny to the fullest extent. Now go figure out which of them is hiding an ax in his bosom. The path led from the gate to the outbuilding from which Antoshin had just barely moved his feet. Oblomov became the banner of his time. This thing is not worth a penny. Thus, I was left behind the broken trough. Three times we wrote down in the protocol the decision on the need to reserve slate for the landfill, but the time came - there was nothing to cover it with. The echidna's signature dish is ants and termites. The woman's head is white with gray hair.

· Find errors related to inaccurate word usage and edit the text:

The newly created museum celebrated its housewarming here. There are more and more reliable facts indicating the presence of nitrogen in the atmosphere of Venus. Mobile pumps are characterized by their compact design and long, trouble-free service life. New Year's Eve is accompanied by a vocal ensemble. Workplaces in the workshop were poorly lit, as a result of which there were many cases of occupational injuries. The shortage of water in the city water supply and the expansion of the plant forced the construction of local treatment facilities. The rivers of Siberia are powerful energy producers. The microclimate in the office is controlled automatic installation conditioning. This artist's tireless appeal to the theme of nature is well known. This unit allows you to significantly reduce the temperature of the connection of materials. The gear cage housing and cover are made from modified cast iron. Thanks to the flood, people were left homeless.

In this chapter, we examined the use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech, the phraseological innovation of writers and speech errors associated with the use of phraseological units.

Stylistic coloring of phraseological units

Phraseological means of language, like vocabulary, are used in various functional styles and, accordingly, have one or another stylistic coloring.

The largest stylistic layer is colloquial phraseology (without a week, in all Ivanovo, you can’t spill water), it is used mainly in oral communication and in artistic speech. Colloquial phraseology is close to Colloquial, more reduced (straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, in the middle of nowhere, tear your throat, turn up your nose).

Another stylistic layer is formed by book phraseology, which is used in book styles, mainly in written speech. As part of book phraseology, one can distinguish scientific (center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic system), journalistic (shock therapy, live broadcast, Black Tuesday, law of the jungle), official business (minimum wage, consumer basket, testify, confiscation of property).

It is possible to highlight a layer of commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book and colloquial speech (from time to time, each other, have meaning, keep in mind, keep your word, New Year). There are few such phraseological units. In emotionally expressive terms, all phraseological units can be divided into two groups; a large stylistic layer consists of phraseological units with a bright emotional and expressive coloring, which is due to their imagery, the use of expressive words in them linguistic means. Thus, phraseological units of a colloquial nature are colored in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous tones (neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like out of the blue, out of the frying pan and into the fire); books have a sublime, solemn sound (to stain one’s hands in blood, to pass away from life, to elevate creatures to pearls).

Another stylistic layer consists of phraseological units that are devoid of emotional and expressive coloring and are used in a strictly nominative function (punch a ticket, railway, military-industrial complex, explosive device, agenda). Such phraseological units are not characterized by imagery, they do not contain evaluation. Among phraseological units of this type there are many compound terms (securities, currency transactions, specific gravity, magnetic needle, punctuation marks, viral flu). Like all terms, they are characterized by unambiguity; the words that form them have direct meanings.

Stylistic use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech

In artistic and journalistic speech, phraseological units are often used in their usual linguistic form with their inherent meaning. The introduction of phraseological units into the text, as a rule, is due to the desire of journalists to strengthen expressive coloring speech. For example:

At the opening of yesterday's meeting, neither the speaker of the Duma nor any of the six vice-speakers were in the hall. Members of the Duma Council took the reins of government. Anatoly Lukyanov shook things up and, while chairing a parliamentary meeting, gave the floor to Viktor Ilyukhin without the necessary discussion of the agenda.

The imagery inherent in phraseological units enlivens the narrative, often giving it a humorous, ironic overtone.

Humorists and satirists especially like to use phraseological units; they value colloquial, stylistically reduced phraseology, often resorting to shifting styles to create a comic effect (this is not just a shot sparrow (about a graphomaniac occupying a high official position), but rather a sparrow taking aim at others). To stylize the author’s speech, which is perceived as a casual conversation between a conventional narrator and the reader, and in this case, reduced phraseological units recreate the picture of live communication (“Hn,” whined the director, who was touched by this idea; Western advertisers are not eager to share with the Russian budget ).

A striking stylistic effect is created by the parodic use of book phraseological units, often used in combination with foreign-style lexical and phraseological means. The very nature of phraseological units, which have vivid imagery and stylistic coloring, creates the preconditions for their use in expressive, and above all in artistic and journalistic speech. The aesthetic role of phraseological devices is determined by the author’s ability to select required material and enter it into the text. This use of phraseological units enriches speech.

The possibilities for using phraseological units are much wider than simply reproducing them in speech. Word artists can treat phraseological units as “raw materials” that are subject to “creative processing.” As a result of the phraseological innovation of writers and publicists, original verbal images arise, based on “played out” stable expressions. Creative processing of phraseological units gives them a new expressive coloring, enhancing their expressiveness. Most often, writers transform phraseological units that have a high degree of lexical stability and perform an expressive function in speech. At the same time, the changed phraseological units retain the artistic merits of the national ones - imagery, aphorism, rhythmic and melodic orderliness.

In works of art, phraseological units are found both in an unchanged, established form, and in a transformed form, with a different structure and other expressive and stylistic properties, which, of course, complicates their translation.

When translating phraseological units, it is necessary to take into account that the emotional component of the meaning of a phraseological unit is based on imagery. Consequently, in order to convey the emotionality of a phraseological unit during translation, it is necessary to preserve its figurative basis. However, it is necessary to take into account that many phraseological units have a bright national coloring, due to the fact that they include words denoting objects and phenomena of national culture. This circumstance also makes it difficult to translate phraseological units that have nationally specific connotations. Despite this, the problem of transmitting emotional stylistic coloring phraseological units have specific solutions.

In the course of a study using the method of continuous sampling from works of fiction of the late 20th – early 21st centuries. 446 examples of the use of phraseological units were found. A study of the material shows that phraseological units in these examples have different effects on the content of the text and are translated in different ways.

In the theoretical part, the main classifications of methods for translating phraseological units by such scientists as A. V. Kunin, V. N. Komissarov, S. I. Vlakhov and S. P. Florin were considered. In this study, for the convenience of describing methods of translating phraseological units in modern prose, the classification proposed by A.V. Kunin will be used. Let us recall that A.V. Kunin distinguishes complete phraseological equivalent, partial equivalent, tracing (literal translation), overtone translation, selective translation and descriptive translation.

2.1 Full phraseological equivalent

In the material we studied, 48 examples of translation using a full phraseological equivalent were found. A complete phraseological equivalent is a rather rare phenomenon, implying that the translation coincides with the original in meaning, lexical composition, stylistic orientation and grammatical structure. In our material it can be observed, for example, in the following cases:

Sheput all her soul to the singing. She I put my whole soul into singing. English phraseology to put all somebody’ s soul corresponds to the Russian phraseological unit “to invest your whole soul” both in lexical and grammatical composition, and in stylistic coloring; The two phraseological units are based on the same images.

A sudden noise outside in the corridorput an end to their discussion. An unexpected noise came from the corridor, put an end to dispute. . Phraseologism put an end has a full equivalent in Russian - “to put an end to something.”

Pam behaved as truedog in the manger , she did not want to meet with Dan but at the same time, she did not want him to meet with other girls. Pam acted like she was real. dog in the manger: she didn't want to date Dan, but at the same time she didn't want him to date other girls. This phraseological unit characterizes a person who leaves no chance for other people in anything, but at the same time does not want to take advantage of this chance.

It should be noted that phraseological units that perform a nominative function are often translated using a full equivalent. This is due to the fact that they describe a person or action in more detail; in such a case, omission or description is not entirely suitable, since it is the full equivalent that can give a clear and clear idea of ​​the subject or object. Let's look at a few more examples of translation of phraseological units that perform a nominative function:

Nancy was the ugly duckling in her family, until she grew up. Until Nancy grew up, she was considered part of the familyugly duckling . This phraseological equivalent fully corresponds to the English phraseological unit in all aspects, including image, stylistic coloring, lexical content and grammatical structure. The phraseological unit “ugly duckling” gives the reader a more vivid idea of ​​the girl’s appearance, as if creating a visual picture.

The following sentence is an example of a comparative phraseology that describes the psychological state of a person and also serves as an example of a nominative function:

Now Collet had failed, and Fache was pacing like a caged lion . But there was no way to contact Collet, and now Fache was rushing around the office, like a lion in a cage. Comparative phraseology like a caged lion fully corresponds to the Russian phraseology “like a lion in a cage.”

And you intend me to come along as a sort of dark horse . - And you want me to act as dark horses? . In phraseological units dark horse in Russian there is a complete correspondence - “dark horse”, which is very well suited for this context, while naming a kind of function that a person must perform.

However, phraseological units translated using a full equivalent do not always perform a nominative function. For example, in the following sentence the phraseological unit rather has a stylistic function, since it is thanks to this phraseological unit that a special imagery of the statement is created:

Politicians should not have anyskeletons in their cupboards . Politicians shouldn't have skeletons in the closet .

Thus, the use of a complete phraseological equivalent implies full compliance of the translation with the original in all aspects: image, lexical content, grammatical structure, as well as stylistic coloring.

Phraseologisms, like vocabulary, also have one or another stylistic coloring at. The largest layer represents colloquial phraseology: without a year, a week, in all Ivanovo, you can’t spill water etc. It is used primarily in oral conversation. Close to colloquial colloquial phraseology, more reduced, often violating the literary and linguistic norm: straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, in the middle of nowhere, tear your throat, turn up your nose, hang noodles on your ears and others.

Another stylistic layer - book phraseology, which is used in book styles and mainly in written speech. As part of book phraseology, we can distinguish scientific: center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic system; journalistic: people of good will, law of the jungle, on the brink of war; official business: put into operation, give evidence, effective demand etc.

You can also highlight a layer of commonly used phraseological units, equally used in book and colloquial speech: from time to time, matter, play a role, keep in mind, keep your word, New Year and others. There are few such phraseological units. In emotionally expressive terms, they can be divided into two groups:

1) with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring;

2) phraseological units devoid of emotional-expressive coloring, used only in a strictly nominative function.

Phraseologisms of the first group are characterized by imagery and the use of expressive means. The first group also includes phraseological units of a colloquial nature. They are painted in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous tones: neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like snow on your head, out of the frying pan and into the fire. On the contrary, book phraseological units are characterized by a sublime sound: united front, stain your hands with blood, die, dot thei and others.

Phraseologisms of the second group are not characterized by imagery; they do not contain evaluation: punch ticket, railroad, open meeting, agenda. Among them there are many compound terms: specific gravity, magnetic needle, punctuation marks, viral flu. They are characterized by unambiguity and appear in direct meanings.

Synonymy of phraseological units

The same idea can be expressed by phraseological units acting as synonyms. For example: Anointed with the same world, two boots a pair, berries from the same field; without number, without counting, darkness, darkness, countless, even a dime a dozen, like the sand of the sea, like uncut dogs. Phraseologisms often create synonymous series with which individual words are synonymized. For example, phraseological synonyms: leave in the cold, leave with a nose, fool around, take to the gun; lexical synonyms: deceive, fool, deceive, bypass, deceive, deceive, mystify. The wealth of lexical and phraseological synonyms provides enormous expressive capabilities of the Russian language.

Phraseologisms in which individual components are repeated should be considered synonyms: the game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle. Synonyms are phraseological units with the same composition, for example, verb + noun, but based on different images: give a bath - give pepper, chase a lazy person - chase dogs, hang your head - hang your nose. However, it is necessary to distinguish between variants of the same phraseological unit: don’t hit your face in the dirt - don’t hit your face in the dirt, clenched in a fist - clenched in a fist, cast a fishing rod - cast a fishing rod. Phraseological units that are similar in meaning, but different in compatibility and used in different contexts will not be synonymous: with three boxes And chickens don't peck.

Phraseological synonyms may differ from each other in stylistic coloring. For example, leave no stone unturned And inflict reprisals– book; A cut like a nut And set some pepper- conversational. May have slight stylistic differences: far away lands- very far away, but Where didn’t Makar drive his calves?- the most remote wilderness places. Sometimes synonymous phraseological units differ in the degree of intensity of action: shed tears, shed tears, drown in tears, cry your eyes out.

Synonymous phraseology is actively used by writers. For example, A.P. Chekhov in the story “Burbot” used the following synonyms: disappeared, fell through somewhere, remember what his name was, and there was no trace, only he was seen, without a word he gave traction, as if he sank into the water, as if he fell through the ground. It is possible to simultaneously use lexical and phraseological synonyms, as in A.P. Chekhov: “Venice enchanted me, drove me crazy.”

Antonymy of phraseological units

Antonymic relations in phraseology are much less developed. The antonymy of phraseological units is supported by the antonymic relations of their lexical synonyms. Compare: smart - brilliant And stupid - he won’t invent gunpowder; ruddy - blood with milk And pale - not a trace of blood in his face.

A special group is represented by antonymic phraseological units, partially coinciding in composition, but opposed in meaning: with a light heart - with a heavy heart; not from the cowardly dozen - not from the brave dozen; turn your face - turn your back.

For writers and publicists, phraseological units that have the same components are especially interesting, because they make speech lively and give it a punning sound: “ Such a tight budget is necessary to get England back on its feet, Jenkis argued. We don’t know about England, but he knocks us Englishmen off our feet,” the man on the street bitterly sneers"(M. Sturua. “Greenwich Time and Essentially”).

Related information.

Functions of phraseological units in different styles speeches

The rich phraseology of the Russian language contains great synonymic possibilities, which serve as the basis for its stylistic use.

1. Many phraseological units are synonymous with individual words: doze- nod off; to be offended - to pout; set fire - let loose a red rooster etc. (against the background of neutral words, these phraseological units stand out due to their colloquial character). Most often, phraseological units and adverbs are synonymous, and in some cases phraseological units have a bookish character (cf.: forever and ever- forever; with visor raised- open), in others - colloquial (cf.: to the fullest extent- fast; swear words- loud).

2. Phraseological units form a number of ideographic synonyms, differing in shades of meaning. So, phraseological units (work) roll up your sleeves- by the sweat of his brow- tirelessly with the general meaning of "diligently" differ in that rolling up my sleeves conveys the value of intensity in work, by the sweat of his brow is associated with the meaning of “earning with difficulty” (i.e. “working to live”), and tirelessly- with the meaning “tirelessly, diligently, enthusiastically.”

3. Phraseological phrases form a number of stylistic synonyms; Wed book order to live long and simple, stretch your legs(with the general meaning "to die").

Phraseological units are widely used in all speech styles, but in different functions. If in scientific and official business speech, as a rule, general literary, inter-style stable phrases are used, acting in a nominative function, then in fiction, in journalistic works, in colloquial speech, the expressive and stylistic side of bookish and colloquial phraseological units often comes to the fore. everyday character with their great expressive capabilities.

The methods of using phraseological units in fiction and journalism are especially diverse. Writers not only use phraseology in the form in which it exists in the language, but also change it, updating the semantics, structure and expressive-stylistic properties of phraseological units. As a result of a creative approach to the riches of language, phraseological units acquire new semantic shades, and word connections are enriched. Often, individual phrases are created by analogy with existing idioms in the language. Wed: I love the zemshchina, but with a strange love(S.-Sch.); Your pronoun[appeal by type Your Honor](Ch.); Be healthy, Happy New Year, new happiness, new great successes, new trousers and boots(Ch.); With all his puppy strength the beggar puppy began to cry(M.); Comb your hair? Why? It's not worth the trouble for a while, but it's impossible to be combed forever(M.); The matches were ready to burn out of shame for the factory that produced them, but they could not light up.(E.K.)

Stylistic use of proverbs, sayings, “winged words”

In stylistic terms, not only stable phrases in their varieties are used (phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations), but also other phraseological means, to which proverbs, sayings, and “winged words” belong. Just like the phraseological expressions discussed above, they are used in fiction, journalism, and colloquial speech.

The figurative power of proverbs was noted by N.V. Gogol: “In our proverbs... one can see the extraordinary completeness of the people’s mind, which knew how to make everything its weapon: irony, mockery, clarity, accuracy of pictorial representation...” M. Gorky