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In the process of arranging their home, every owner wants to make it not only cozy, but also safe. Currently, there are a huge number of locking mechanisms of various types, but one of the most effective is the electromagnetic door lock.
Locking mechanism
Electromagnetic lock is a fairly simple device. The main components of the mechanism are the core with winding and the housing. In most cases, the core is glued together from transformer electrical sheet steel. This material was chosen to reduce the effect of residual magnetization when opening the lock. Also, to eliminate residual stress, a special paint coating. However, this does not give the full effect of eliminating accumulated stress.
In most cases, the element is made in the form of a set of small plates welded in the shape of the letter “W”. However, sometimes a solid core is used, which is much smaller in size, but has a significant drawback: such an element is capable of intensively accumulating residual stress. Therefore, in a circuit of devices of this type, a capacitor is installed parallel to the core large capacity from 200 µF.
The winding is a coil with a huge number of turns copper wire covered with enamel. The body of the product is often made of aluminum or stainless steel. It is possible to use plastic elements, but this design is not durable and reliable.
Principle of operation
The principle of operation of the product is to activate magnetic elements as a result of applying voltage to the winding and housing through the wires and terminals of the core. As a result of these actions, a voltage of 5 W or more produces a magnetic adhesive force of 150 kg or more.
When the voltage is turned off and the lock is opened, an oscillatory circuit is formed with alternating current. The discharge process, due to the presence of a capacitor, occurs through the winding. This changes the polarity of the magnet element. The remainder of the current is spent on magnetization reversal.
If the capacitor fails, it becomes necessary to open the door with considerable effort. In this case, replacement of the part is necessary. The new capacitance is installed parallel to the terminals. Moreover, it must be non-polar.
Types of electromagnetic locks
Taking into account the possibility of using various locking mechanisms in the device, the products are conventionally divided into the following types:
- Shear;
- Retaining.
The main difference between the systems is the operating principle. Thus, electromagnetic door locks of the sliding type have a small anchor installed in cross section. The holding anchor is triggered to break away. The advantage of sliding electromagnetic locks is the ability hidden installation inside door leaf. This product does not block the opening.
Electronic sensors
Electromagnetic locks are often equipped with built-in Hall sensors. This device responds to the position of the locking mechanism and the locking of the door leaf. Such a sensor is always located inside the product, therefore, during an external visual inspection it is impossible to definitely say whether the lock is equipped with such a device.
Thanks to the Hall sensor in the core of the mechanism with high speed signals are sent and with its help you can find out not only whether the door is open or locked, but also how many people have passed through it.
A significant advantage of such sensors is their high anti-burglary performance, as well as wear resistance. The products are not sensitive to temperature changes and increased humidity levels. In addition, it is impossible to open the mechanism using standard tools in the form of master keys.
Features of electromagnetic type mechanisms
It is worth knowing that not all electromagnetic locking mechanisms have electronics inside. Products without internal electrical elements are much easier to use and manage. Each of these devices has markings in the form of the letters “ML” and accompanying numbers. The numbers indicate the weight in kilograms required to open the door.
During the installation of the retaining lock, the mechanism is applied to the door leaf. The trim is mounted on top of the door, thereby taking away free space and narrowing the opening. For this reason, mortise-type locking mechanisms are much more convenient.
Installation and adjustment of an electromagnetic type locking mechanism should only be carried out when the power supply is turned off. Such measures are necessary because during the installation process there is direct contact with parts of the product that conduct current.
Electromagnetic locks are installed even at emergency exits, since they are much safer than conventional mechanical locking devices. If there is no power to the electromagnetic unit, the lock automatically opens.
Device selection
When choosing an electromagnetic lock for a door, the main criterion is the weight and thickness of the door itself. If you have a lightweight door, you should not install a locking device with a maximum holding force of 500 kg. For such products, a lock with a capacity of 150 kg is ideal.
It is advisable to install locking mechanisms with the highest possible magnet retention rates in reinforced and armored door structures.
Installation of an electromagnetic lock
Installing the lock is quite easy to do on your own. Before installing the product, you should prepare all the tools necessary for the work process:
- Building level;
- Hammer;
- Roulette;
- Screwdriver;
- Electric drill;
- Wire cutters;
- Fastening tool;
- A simple or construction pencil for marking.
Installation technology
Before starting work, it is necessary to select a suitable place to place the device. Installation of an electromagnetic lock on a door can be done both horizontally and vertically. The main condition is to maintain the distance from the door hinges.
To determine the location of the counter plate, an overlay is placed on the door leaf of the main part of the device. After this, the stencil of the counter plate is glued. To fix the part itself, it is necessary to mark the location of the fasteners. Pins are necessary in this case to securely fix the mating part.
Before drilling holes, you must make sure that the installed drill has the same diameter as the hole according to the stencil. After preparing the holes, the plate is screwed to the canvas using washers. To ensure a good fit of the product, 2 washers are screwed onto each of the screws: a steel one on the side of the door jamb, and a rubber one screwed on top of it. This fastening system allows the contact system to swing slightly, which ensures a high tightness of the core.
To determine the exact location of the corner, the mechanism is again applied with its main part to the anchor element. Using a hexagon, the plate is shifted to the required plane. To check the correct location of all components, it is necessary to loosen the mounting bolt. This releases the counter plate. One of the most important features to ensure the correct functioning of the product is the placement of the plate parallel to the base.
Installation options
The installation principle of the product depends on the type door design. Based on these features, there are several ways to install the product.
Installation is carried out on the top inner part jamb with the placement of the core to the canvas. The contact element is located opposite. No additional fasteners are required. IN glass door The lock is installed with the contacts facing inward. Instead of a steel plate, a Z-shaped angle is used. In this case, the canvas opens into the room.
For installation on a narrow jamb, overlays in the form of corners are used. After such expansion, installation is carried out by placing the core to the canvas on the inside of the jamb. If it is necessary to unlock the door in the direction of the lock, the contact pad, like the plate, is secured using corner pads in the horizontal upper position.
Power connection
The final stage of installation is connecting the electrical part. This procedure is quite simple due to the presence of markings. So, the wires with the “+” sign are connected to the terminal with the corresponding designation. Wires marked with a “-” symbol are connected via a relay. To connect the elements, it is recommended to use a two-core wire with a cross-sectional thickness of 0.5 mm.
The installation instructions included with the products always note that the operation of the lock is directly dependent on the voltage supplied to the relay. Before starting installation, to ensure quality work For this product, it is recommended to purchase a closer device and a backup power source in the form of a UPS unit.
Product advantages
One of the main advantages of the mechanism is the absence of systematic direct contact of parts with each other. Thanks to this, damage does not occur as a result of abrasion of elements.
During use, depending on the maximum holding force of the mechanism, the power consumed by the lock ranges from 5 to 15 W, which is less than powering an energy-saving light bulb. Thus, the device is very economical.
Currently, there is a universal electromagnetic door lock on sale that can operate without the use of electrical energy. Its opening is carried out mechanically and, at the same time, it is possible to unlock the device when voltage is applied to the product. Thanks to this feature, it becomes possible to open the door in the absence of power.
Optional equipment
When using any of the methods for installing electromagnetic locks, it is possible to equip the structure with an additional functional unit in the form of a video intercom. The installation and connection diagram of the lock device remains unchanged and may have several variations. However, to connect video communication, it is preferable to mount the product on the upper inner part of the door jamb.
To produce individual electronic keys for a lock, a special controller with software encoding for the main master key is used. Such a system is justified when installing an electromagnetic lock at the entrance to office space or entrance.
The magnetic lock used in them can easily be equipped with additional features. But in some cases, the use of magnetic doors is unacceptable!
Operating principle of an electromagnetic door lock
Any electromagnetic lock, regardless of power, design and size, consists of two basic parts:
- An electromagnet is several turns of wire (also known as a solenoid) wound around a core. The entire structure is enclosed in a housing.
- Metal anchor plates with significant magnetic permeability.
When a current of about 0.3-0.7 A is supplied (depending on the power of the magnet), the magnetic field attracts the plate and locks the lock.
This design can be mounted on almost any door, both indoors and outdoors. And it requires only one thing - a constant power supply.
Although it is possible to connect the lock to the network via a source uninterruptible power supply or equipped with a built-in lead-acid battery, hidden, for example.
Turning the feed on and off direct current– and, therefore, opening and closing the lock – is carried out using a controller.
Also, in some lock models, the included programmable controller allows you to adjust the lock’s response time.
Where is the best place to use an electromagnetic door lock?
Due to their simplicity of design and the absence of moving parts, electromagnetic locks are extremely wear-resistant. Therefore, it is advisable to equip them with doors that are often used - entrances, closed courtyards, etc.
Magnetic locks are resistant to precipitation, operate at a wide range of temperatures (standard - from -20 to +50) and can be used for external entrance doors.
You can control the supply of current, and, consequently, the opening and closing of a door with such a lock, both directly (using cards, magnetic keys) and remotely.
This is very convenient for creating contours of security systems, both in private homes and enterprises.
However, without the supply of current, the lock opens - and therefore for doors with increased security requirements it is only suitable as a backup, in parallel with locking systems.
Doors for electromagnet and electromagnet for doors
When choosing a specific door, first of all, you need to know the weight of its leaf. The amount of holding force that the lock provides will depend on this.
For heavy armored doors this value exceeds a ton, for ordinary ones it is about 400-500 kg.
The solenoid box must be firmly mounted in the door jamb, and the plate must be attached to the frame of the door leaf.
The frame itself must withstand the holding force. This will increase the hacker resistance of the entire system.
The door structure must be formed so that it becomes inconvenient for cutting out the lock or opening the door with a regular crowbar - in combination with a lock with a significant holding force, this will protect the door from breaking.
The electromagnet box is quite large, and the plate is not small, which also needs to be taken into account, so installing the lock somewhat reduces the width of the doorway.
The installation of a lock on a door leaf of any design is simple. The main requirement for installation is that the armature plate must fit as tightly as possible to the electromagnet.
Security system based on magnetic locks
In total, a standard security system based on an electromagnetic lock includes the following elements:
- Intercom (1) with speaker (2), audio or video output (3);
- The intercom controls the supply of electricity to the lock (4);
- Tight closing of the door leaf is ensured by a closer (5), with a power corresponding to the weight of the door leaf;
- The lock can also be opened using a code (4), cards or keys (7);
- At least one mechanical backup lock ensures system security during a power failure.
The scheme can be more complex: for example, it can be controlled from the central computer console, which controls all building security systems. Locks can be equipped with additional sensors that indicate that the door is not tightly closed and other alarm systems.
However, regardless of the locking system that ensures the safety of the building, the most important factor is Fire safety. If emergency evacuation is necessary, the door must be opened immediately.
IN modern SNIP It is mandatory to equip doors with electromagnetic locks with emergency opening buttons.
In addition, you need a backup button that allows you to turn off the power supply and open the door if it is blocked due to a lock failure.
Installation of magnetic doors as a fire exit is prohibited.
Safety and operation of electromagnetic doors
Electronic keys and cards are used to open locks. They are applied to the contactor (reader). It is also possible to use code sets.
To ensure good door locking, it is very important to select a door closer with the appropriate power. Adjust it correctly - so that opening occurs smoothly and with the necessary force - and maintain it in working order.
Another reason for breakdowns of electromagnetic locks is deformation of the door leaf itself. Due to the curvature of the case, the plate cannot fit tightly to the magnet, and the lock stops closing.
Therefore, a high-quality door leaf is extremely important.
In summary, electromagnetic doors are good:
- If you need a reliable backup lock;
- If the door is subject to active use;
- If the lock needs to be controlled remotely.
Read also:
On this moment The electromagnetic lock has become widely used as a door locking device. After all, we already live in the 21st century and must use all new technologies to maintain the safety of our housing and industrial zones. It is electromagnetic locks that are the device that will provide us with a complete guarantee against unauthorized persons entering our facility.
Why are such locks better than conventional mechanical ones? First of all, these locks are easy to use, as well as easy to install on any door. If we also take into account that electromagnetic locks are not that expensive, and their service life is very long, then any of us will give preference to just such locks.
The operating principle of any electromagnetic lock is very simple. This type of lock keeps the door closed using an electromagnet. The electromagnet will attract the iron plate that is attached to the door and your door will be securely locked. You can control such a lock using a special button or use a special control system that will be triggered when a special code is entered.
The quality of an electromagnetic lock primarily depends on the attractive force of the electromagnet, and the greater it is, the stronger your lock will be. Do not forget that in the event of a sudden power outage, such locks do not perform their main function, so you need to take care of an independent power supply or install additional mechanical locks.
Considering that electromagnetic locks have become widespread in the construction and equipment of the so-called " smart home"after all the best option will provide an independent power source in your home. If there is such a source, the entire energy system of your home will automatically switch to autonomous power supply if the main one is turned off.
Like any other locks, electromagnetic ones have various designs, and in particular they can work in shear or tear. And of course, like mechanical ones, they can be overhead or mortise. The choice is up to you, but do not forget to take into account the installation location of such locks.
The service life of electromagnetic locks is very long due to their simple design. After all, such locks do not have moving parts in their design, which allows them to work in any climate zone.
Such locks are very convenient when installing them on the entrance doors of your home or property. After all, you can open the door to the expected guests without leaving the house, and after they enter, the door will automatically be closed.
The operation of the electromagnetic lock itself is very simple and each of us can install and understand the operation of such a locking device ourselves. On door frame you attach an electromagnet, which must be powered by direct voltage, and an iron plate is attached to the door itself. When the electromagnet is triggered, the plate is attracted and the door is automatically locked. Everything is very simple and reliable. When you press the exit button, you turn off the electromagnetic field and your door opens.
Magnetic, or rather, electromagnetic lock, has recently become very popular. True, it is more often used in public buildings, since prerequisite Its normal operation is constant operation of the electrical network.
What fundamental role does the Z-5R magnetic lock controller or its analogues play in the operation of the device?
Role of the controller
The operating principle of the Z-5R or Came magnetic lock is similar. While electricity is supplied to the winding. current, a magnetic field is formed in the coil. This field attracts metal plate located on the sash and ensures reliable locking. When the current supply stops, the field disappears, and accordingly, nothing else holds the leaf.
The lock controller is the device that regulates turning the voltage on and off. This provides for the removal of residual magnetization so that the door can be opened without difficulty.
The door opens from the outside. key or plastic card. The opening device code is stored in the controller's memory. It is almost impossible to reproduce it - it is 64 bits of information. From the inside, the door is unlocked by simply pressing the exit button, which is located on the lock or on the access control system.
Types of devices
In fact, the scope of application of devices is wider. AMZ v2, Digital are used for servicing locking mechanisms, controlling intercoms and more complex systems automation systems that control access, as well as Came barrier control systems, for example. Any option comes with detailed instructions for connection and programming.
The design of the modules is different, although not much. Exactly specifications and opportunities program control determine the area of use. The Z-5R modification is considered the most common and universal. This is explained by its advantages:
- The magnetic lock controller circuit allows you to select the type of lock;
- microcircuits are protected if connected incorrectly;
- it is allowed to program special admin and blocking keys, which is described in detail in the instructions;
- the device allows you to remember several identification codes;
- It is possible to control access, for example, to allow the use of regular keys only at a specified time, and to grant access to the administrator at any time. The photo shows the device being described.
Digital is another option for a universal device for various types electromagnetic lock and automation. Its memory is very voluminous - it can remember up to 2000 keys, which allows the device to be used for servicing an apartment building.
Its advantages do not end there:
- it is possible to program access to different keys over time;
- can be connected locking devices very different types;
- the controller can be connected to a computer to transfer data;
- The device notifies you with a sound signal about various operations.
Other modifications - AMZ v2, for example, are less universal, but can also serve more than one type of lock. The mentioned modification, for example, is designed to work with automation CAME, NICE and so on.
Magnetic lock controller connection diagram
The device connector is AMZ v2, Z-5R has several contacts, their number varies. Each of them is designed to connect a different device, but circuit diagram connection of the magnetic lock controller remains the same. The instructions give Full description fastening of each element.
- 1 – external buzzer;
- 2 – contact intended for reading the key or card code;
- 3 – earth;
- 4 – the button for opening the sash from the inside is connected here;
- 5 – for external LED;
- 6 – el. magnetic lock;
- 7 - +12 V;
- 8 – earth;
- 9 – for connecting the sash opening sensor.
Connection and programming of each mode possible for the device is described in the instructions.
In high traffic areas electromechanical locks it is not profitable to install: due to large quantity details, the complexity of the mechanism, it quickly fails. It is more profitable to install an electromagnetic lock - a kit that works both as a regular lock and against magnetic influence. Different from mechanical devices quick installation, ease of use and reliability. You can assemble it yourself.
Electromagnetic mechanism design
Magnetic locks are used everywhere: the simplest ones are in cabinets and handbags. More complex devices are used to protect premises where access is limited. These electromagnetic locks operate on electricity.
Most often, such devices are installed on the entrance door. The kit includes:
- Electromagnet.
- Metal plate.
- Controller.
The electromagnet consists of:
- Frame.
- Winding.
- Core.
When current is applied, a magnetic field is formed that attracts the plate, the door is closed, and it is impossible to open it without a key. You can unlock the front door by pressing a button or using a key: the effect of the current is suspended for a short period of time, and the door is easy to open.
Thanks to the lightness of the mechanism, the electromagnetic lock will last for many years. It's easy to install, easy to use. Can be controlled remotely (intercom). Locks for front door you can assemble it yourself.
Types of electromagnetic locks
Electromagnetic locks are:
- Holding devices - a device consisting of a housing, a core with a winding, and a counter plate.
The set includes: Core – a set of plates (“W” shape), or a solid block. Locks with a solid core are more compact because they do not have a body. Products with a body quickly demagnetize; a lock with a solid core has residual magnetization, so it is used in rare cases.
The winding is made of wire (copper). The power of the device depends on the number of turns.
The housing consists of a material that is not magnetic (aluminium, stainless steel).
As for the response plate (anchor), it has holes for fixation and a spring that moves the elements apart after the power is turned off.
Outside the body and important details The lock is plated with nickel to protect against corrosion.
In order to correctly position the device during installation, the kit includes a corner, hardware, gaskets, and a template.
The holding electromagnetic lock on the door comes in: overhead and mortise.
During installation, a magnet is placed on the door frame to make wiring into the controller easier.
When choosing the power of the mechanism, you need to proceed from the weight of the door leaf: the heavier it is, the more powerful the lock is needed. The lightest models are designed for glass sheets. Powerful ones start from a force of 500 kg; they cannot be opened without a special key.
They can also be installed on doors with armor. There is no point in installing a lock that is too powerful - it requires a lot of energy and is more expensive.
- Sliding - most often this mortise kit, which, in addition to magnetic force, uses mechanics: with electrical impulse the core attracts an anchor with protrusions. They are placed in the grooves on the mating part of the lock. When the power is turned off, the armature moves away using a spring.
When installing, you need to place both parts especially precisely. If there is a misalignment of even a couple of millimeters, the operation will malfunction.
Sliding locks have a high degree of security because they are located in the middle of the box. Because of this, it is not easy to reach. Controlled by a controller.
Electromagnetic devices do not work independently, but are a part of the access control and management system. The kit may include:
- Internal release button.
- Code entry panel.
- Magnetic key reader.
- Biometric evaluator.
It is possible to connect an intercom via a controller.
Installing a magnetic lock
To install an electromagnetic lock you need the following set of tools:
- Drill.
- Screwdriver.
- Hammer.
- Drill.
- Screwdriver.
- Pliers.
- Wire cutters.
- Roulette.
- Marker.
- Level.
Step-by-step do-it-yourself installation algorithm:
- The first stage: determine the location. The lock can be placed horizontally or vertically. Mark with a marker where the electromagnet will be located and accurately determine the location of the counter metal plate.
- Second stage: make holes for the side pins (the diameter is indicated in the lock installation manual). First, attach a metal plate to them, and then install the central bolt.
- Third stage: Installing an electromagnet with your own hands. To begin, attach the mounting plate (using a hex key) and remove the wires.
- Check operation: open, close. If necessary, install door closers.
Why is there a controller in an electromagnetic lock?
In addition to the core, winding, housing, and panel, the electromagnetic lock has a control controller.
It is known that during operation, the energized winding forms a magnetic field that attracts the plate - the door closes.
The controller is the part of the mechanism that is responsible for supplying current. It is used to control the canvas. Sometimes a sensor is built into the controller, where the response time of the mechanism is set.
To open the lock from the outside you need a key and a card. The controller remembers the device code. There are so many code options that it is impossible to choose.
The controller is essentially an electronic chip. It is located near the door, in a special block. A button for exit is also connected to it.
Advantages and disadvantages
The following advantages can be identified in the operation of an electromagnetic lock:
- Reliability. Unlike electromechanical locks It does not have many parts that can fail due to heavy traffic. Installed in entrances, offices, workshops.
- You can open the door remotely.
- Can be installed on a canvas made of any material (metal, wood, plastic, glass). The main thing is to consult with a specialist before purchasing a lock: what force is required to install the mechanism on a door made of the selected material.
- Easy to install and maintain.
- Doesn't require a lot of electricity. But what more powerful force impact, the more energy will be needed. But there is no point in installing such a mechanism. It is better to choose something in between (350-500 kg).
- Temperature changes and precipitation do not affect the operation of the mechanism.
- Affordable price.
- You can connect additional devices (videophone).
The big disadvantage of an electromechanical lock is its complete dependence on the power supply. If for any reason the light goes out, the door will be easy to open. It is especially dangerous if the door is the entrance.
But fortunately, this problem can be eliminated by installing an additional battery power supply. If the power goes out, the controller switches to backup power. In case of serious accidents, the system may not function.
Another solution - additional mechanical lock. It is reliable, and even if it breaks over time, it is easy to repair it yourself.
What you need to consider when assembling an electromagnetic lock with your own hands
To assemble an electromechanical lock with your own hands, you need to know the details of its structure. We are talking about an electromechanical padlock for the front door. The operation of the mechanism depends on two parts: a magnet and a reed switch.
A reed switch (or sealed contact) is a device that changes the state of an electrical circuit under the influence of a magnetic field.
Example of installing an electromagnetic lock
One lock kit includes one magnet and four reed switches. One of the reed switches has a closed contact. A reed switch with a closed contact that is not subject to the action of a magnet, but is subject to the action of a current. If you try to open the mechanism with a magnet, the door will not open thanks to this one reed switch.
These are the main points that need to be taken into account when assembling the lock with your own hands.
