The extremely productive DORNIER air-jet weaving machine AS offers previously unattainable versatility and meets all requirements. modern market to speed and flexibility.
Weaving filter fabrics
Purpose:
The rapier weaving machine is designed for the production of technical filter cotton and mixed gray fabrics.
On a rapier machine, the weft thread is inserted into the shed by grippers attached to the ends of flexible metal strips (rapiers), which perform a reciprocating movement on both sides of the machine.
The machine is suitable for natural and artificial fibers. 
Specifications:
Model:160
Working width:1600mm
Maximum roll width: 1400 mm
Number of revolutions: 180-200 rpm
Number of colors:4-6
Yarn: 8-52s
Beam skew diameter:600mm
Max fabric roll diameter:300mm
Surface density of fabric: 400-950g/sq.m
Motor power: 1.5 kW
Equipment weight:2000kg
Equipment size: 4100x1827x2120mm
Mechanical box
Heald frame:12pcs
Navoi
Knurling roller
Weft storage: 4-6 pcs
Accessories, tools, documents: 1 set
Additional Information:
1. A Russian Federation certificate is provided.
2. All signs on cars, and their arrangement of drawings, electrical diagram, instruction manual in English.
Installation:
We provide installation supervision, adjustment and training under a separate contract. The entire process of installation, commissioning and training will take approximately 10 days. The manufacturer will send one engineer. Setup cost: travel to and from the equipment installation site, accommodation, meals and payment for the adjuster’s services: $50 per day. The buyer provides 2-3 workers, provides electricity supply and tools for installation and commissioning.
Guarantee:
One year warranty. The seller is responsible for the supply of spare parts during the warranty period, except for wear parts and parts whose malfunctions were caused by an error in the operating process or other artificial factors and these malfunctions must be confirmed by both parties.
Production of materials: meshes, fabrics, mats
Deeper processing of CBF into meshes, fabrics, reinforcing materials, composite materials and products is carried out at special equipment and machines.
Production of fabrics and machines "Malimo"
Production of composite materials and products
Pipe production line Cylinder production line Pultrusion line
Production of large diameter pipes, cylinders and containers from basalt roving.
Technological equipment for materials production
List of technological equipment for the production of materials from CBV.
Installations for the production of twisted thread.
various types for the production of fabrics from twisted threads.
Tape weaving machines.
Knitting and stitching machines. 
Machines for the production of roving fabrics.
Equipment for the production of knitted fabrics and meshes.
Equipment for the production of road nets.
Equipment for the production of construction and reinforcing meshes.
Chopping machines.
Technological lines for the production of mats from chopped fiber.
Equipment for the production of needle-punched mats.
Technological lines for the production of paper and thin mats from chopped fiber.
Technological lines for the production of prepreg.
Technological lines for the production of rolled plastics.
Pultruded technological lines for the production of rods, profile plastics, fittings, small diameter pipes.
Technological equipment for the production of medium and large diameter pipes.
Technological equipment for the production of compressed gas cylinders.
Technological equipment for the production of containers.
Technological equipment for the production of composite materials and products by spraying.
Materials and fabrics - characteristics and features
Satin fabric
Satin fabric is a type of silk fabric with a shiny and smooth surface of a special satin weave. Composition: 50% - Viscose, 40% - Cotton, 10% - Polyester:
Viscose is a natural fabric that has the main advantages of natural silk (good smoothness, shine, low creasing).
Cotton is a soft, warm, natural fabric that is an ideal component of high-quality bed linen.
Polyester - Minimal addition of polyester is required to operational properties fabrics were at a high consumer level; so that the fabric does not fade when washed, does not fade in the sun, and is more wear-resistant in use. The combination of cotton and viscose produces a unique satin fabric that has not only an excellent appearance and environmental friendliness of natural fabrics, but also excellent consumer properties.
100% cotton.
Fabrics such as chintz, cambric, calico, flannel, and satin are made from cotton. These cotton fabrics differ from each other in texture and durability. All these fabrics are used in the production of bed linen. 
100% cotton - this means that bed sheets Made from pure cotton, without impurities or additives. Cotton will not stick to your body, shock or slide on the surface of your bed. Cotton fabrics allow air to pass through well and bed linen Made from cotton, you won't be too hot or too cold. To check what your bed linen is made of, just pull out the thread and set it on fire - the synthetics will give themselves away. Artificial fiber will produce black smoke, while natural fiber will produce white smoke. Cotton is a white, brownish-white, yellowish-white, or bluish-white fibrous substance that covers the seeds of some plants of the genus Gossypium, a family of mallows. Cotton is used to make linen, clothes, decorative and technical fabrics, sewing threads, cords and much more. It is suitable for making not only low-grade, cheap types of gauze and printed cloth, but also thin linen, as well as lace and other openwork materials. Cotton is characterized by the length and thickness (“fineness”) of the fiber, as well as its ability to absorb dye. Long-staple cotton makes high-quality textiles, while short-staple cotton makes durable ones.
Ranforce (calico)
Bed linen made of calico is one of the most popular options for making bed linen. Calico is a dense fabric, slightly stiffer than chintz, and the thickening of the threads is clearly visible in the structure of the fabric. The composition of calico is 100% cotton. The advantage of bed linen made from calico is its durability, combined with a relatively low cost. Ordinary calico, especially with a pile backing (rough to the touch), is much more durable and, by the way, warmer, which is important in our region with fairly cold winters; such calico bedding is quite thick. In addition, cotton, which is part of calico bed linen, has high hygienic properties and is easy to handle. Bed linen made from calico can be easily washed in a normal washing machine. washing machine, its strength completely allows this. This eliminates unnecessary dry cleaning costs, which are simply necessary when using silk linen. The cost of calico bed linen is also an advantage; a double set can easily be purchased for an amount not exceeding 150 UAH. Of course, bedding made from calico is not as elegant as silk, but if you need regular quality rest, and even in unfavorable weather conditions outside, then calico will be a perfectly acceptable choice.
Satin is a shiny and dense fabric. Made from twisted double weave cotton thread. The more the thread is twisted, the brighter the shine. With its shine, “airy” lightness, and the feel of satin, it resembles silk. One of the advantages of the material is that it practically does not wrinkle. So if you don’t cover your bed with a bedspread during the day, choose satin bed linen, and then your bedroom will always be neat and elegant. Satin is pleasant to the touch. Bed linen made from it is more durable. Withstands big number washes It is cheaper than silk but more expensive than other cotton fabrics. It is used to make underwear different designs for everyday use.
Jacquard is a very complex intricate weaving, as well as a fabric created by this type of weaving. In appearance, jacquard resembles a tapestry, since it has a pronounced relief pattern and is highly durable and noble. Jacquard is made from natural or synthetic yarn, as well as from a mixture of them. Another similarity with tapestry is that the yarn can be multi-colored, in the traditional shades of tapestries. Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a unique machine for making this type of fabric back in 1801. His method of automatically controlling the thread on a loom was to use special cards with holes drilled in certain places. The uniqueness of the jacquard mechanism lies in the ability to control individual thread warps during formation for each thread direction. Hundreds of these threads can be used to create intricate patterns on a loom. Using cards and punched cards, the sequence of formation of the thread direction for each pattern is programmed. Punch cards later formed the basis not only of looms, but also of the telegraph and all modern computing technology! The first computers, as we remember, worked using punched cards. To this day, the principle of creating jacquard fabric has remained unchanged, except for one thing - the modern machine is controlled by a computer. It is known that Napoleon I awarded Jacquard a pension of 3,000 francs and allowed him to collect a premium from each operating such machine in France. In Lyon, a monument was erected to Joseph Marie Jacquard, the son of a weaver, the inventor of the original machine for weaving jacquard.
Silk bed linen is elegant and beautiful. His sliding touch excites rather than relaxes. Silk is an excellent thermostat: a silk bed is very comfortable, the body “breathes” well, it quickly absorbs and evaporates moisture. Silk is light, durable, distinctive feature it pleasantly cools the body. Silk bed linen is particularly elegant and beautiful. Expensive silk bed linen is a lot of pleasure for the body and a decoration for any bedroom.
Weaving machines for the production of metal fabrics
Highly economical machines for the production of metal fabrics, manufactured by Schlatter (Germany), are designed for the production of wire fabric of the highest quality.
The machines are easy to operate and maintain.
Standard Metal Fabric Making Machine: BD520
For the production of protective, industrial metal fabric, etc.
Wire diameter from 0.05 to 0.45 mm
Conversion kits for existing machines
Metal Fabric Making Machine moderate severity: BD600
For the production of reinforcing fabric, oil filters, airbag fabric, etc.
Wire diameter from 0.1 to 0.8 mm
Working width from 1300 to 2500 mm
Weft insertion using the rapier system
Brochure, machines for making wire fabrics: DE, EN
Heavy Metal Fabric Making Machine: BD800
For the production of safety fabrics, conveyor belts, heavy industrial sieves, etc.
Wire diameter from 0.3 to 1.6 mm
Working width from 2100 to 4200 mm
Weft insertion using the rapier system
Brochure, machines for making wire fabrics: DE, EN
Extremely productive pneumatic fabrics The DORNIER AS is characterized by previously unattainable versatility and meets all the demands of the modern market for speed and flexibility. 
DORNIER offers the air-jet weaving machine AS with the following devices shed formation: an eccentric mechanism with up to 10 healds, a jacquard machine with up to 12,000 hooks, a heddler carriage with 16 healds for nominal widths from 150 to 540 cm and, finally, the EasyLeno® leno device from DORNIER. The application possibilities for DORNIER pneumatics are extremely wide: they range from medium-weight technical fabrics for coating to upholstery fabrics and household items in jacquard design in 8 colors.
Thanks to numerous patented innovations, the DORNIER AS air-jet weaving machine sets new level quality and reliability: the DORNIER-patented PIC® (Permanent Insertion Control) system with ServoControl® ensures high reliability of weft insertion, as all essential elements are continuously electronically monitored. Together with the proven shed geometry on rapier weaving machines, the air-jet weaving machine satisfies the highest demands in terms of fabric quality, appearance and density.
))Target: Familiarize yourself with the production of fabrics and their structure. Learn to determine the direction of the grain thread and the right side of the fabric.
Visual aids: “Cotton” and “Linen” collections; fibers (cotton wool), yarn (threads from fabrics), illustrations of spinning production; selvedge fabric samples.
Equipment and materials: cotton wool, magnifying glasses, fabric samples, paper, scissors, glue, workbook, textbook, computer (presentation)
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
Checking students' readiness for the lesson
II. Repetition of covered material.
Oral survey.
Review questions.
- What does sewing materials science study?
- What is fiber called?
- What are the two types of textile fibers?
- What is hygroscopicity called?
III. Explanation of new material with practical reinforcement.
(slide 3) Even in ancient times, man learned to combine individual short and thin fibers into long threads - yarn and make fabrics from it. At home, great-grandmothers spun yarn by hand (using a spindle and a spinning wheel). Later, weaving machines appeared. The width of the fabric depended on the width of the loom, which determined the cut in folk clothing.
IN Western Europe manufacturing period ( industrial production fabrics) started with late XVI V. and continued until the last third of the 18th century. In Russia it began a little later.
To make yarn, people used fibers that they could get from those natural conditions who surrounded them.
(slide 4) At first it was fibers from wild plants, then animal wool, and then fibers cultivated plants- flax and hemp. With the development of agriculture, cotton began to be cultivated, which produces very good and durable fiber. Later, fabrics began to be made from a wide variety of fibers.
(slide 5) Yarn is made from fibers, which is used to make fabrics, knitwear, braid, lace, and sewing threads.
(slide 6) First, the fiber is loosened - divided into small pieces using needles and teeth of a loosening machine. Then, in a scutching machine, using a special drum with pegs, weeds are separated from it and loosened again.
(slide 7) Then the mass of fibers is processed on carding machines to separate them into individual fibers and partially straighten them, placing them parallel to each other.
(slide 8) On the same machines they turn into a thick, loose rope - a tape, which is leveled in thickness on tape machines.
(slide 9) After this, on roving machines, the sliver is gradually pulled out with special drawing devices and slightly twisted until a roving is obtained.
(slide 10) Roving machines operate on draw and roving machines.
(slide 11) On spinning machines, yarn is obtained from roving: the roving is pulled out, twisted using spindles and wound onto bobbins. The spindles rotate very quickly - they make from 8 to 14 thousand revolutions per minute. Each spindle spins 8-18 m of yarn per minute, and each machine has 200-500 spindles.
High-performance spindleless spinning machines are installed in the workshops of modern spinning factories. In these machines, a stream of combed fibers is blown by a stream of air into a rapidly rotating chamber, in which the resulting sliver is spun into yarn.
People of various professions work at the spinning mill. The main profession in the spinning industry is a spinner. He services several spinning machines at the same time, eliminates roving and yarn breaks, changes bobbins or bobbins, and performs equipment maintenance work.
Fabric making stages
(slide 12) Yarn arrives at the weaving factory in huge bobbins. From this yarn, fabric is made on looms by interweaving yarn and thread. Fabric removed from the loom is called gray, because. it has impurities. It needs finishing. She is given a beautiful appearance, improve quality, apply a pattern. Fabric that has undergone finishing is called ready.
They work on looms weavers.It serves several machines at the same time. Weavers replace empty bobbins with full ones, eliminate thread breaks, and remove the finished fabric from the loom. On automatic machines The spool is changed automatically. The weaver must know the requirements for the fabric, its defects, and the reason for thread breakage.
Now there are modern shuttleless, more productive weaving machines in which the weft thread is laid in a jet compressed air or water.
(slide 13) Fabric is produced on looms.
Fabric removed from the loom contains impurities and contaminants. This fabric is called harsh. It is not intended for making clothes and needs finishing The purpose of finishing is to give the fabric a beautiful appearance and improve its quality. This fabric is called ready-made.
(slide 14) The threads running along the fabric are called basis. Cross threads in fabric are called duck. Non-fraying edges are formed on both sides of the fabric along the grain thread - edges. The process of obtaining fabric is called weaving. There are several types of weaving threads in fabrics. The easiest - linen, where the threads intertwine through one.
The warp thread is determined by the following signs: along the edge, according to the degree of stretching - the warp thread stretches less, the warp thread is straight, and the weft thread is crimped.
(slide 15) The fabric has a front and back side. The front side of the fabric can be determined by the following features:
- on the front side of the fabric the printed pattern is brighter than on the back side;
- on the front side of the fabric the weave pattern is clearer.
- the front side is smoother, because weaving defects are displayed on the reverse side.
Physical education minute
Exercises
Lean back in your chair, straighten your legs forward, arms down. Lower your head, close your eyes, relax (15-20 seconds).
Starting position (ip.) – sitting on a chair, arms down, head down. 1-2 – hands behind the head, fingers intertwined, bend over, throwing your head back, – 3-4 – i.p. (The pace is slow, repeat 3-4 times).
I.P. - sitting on a chair, hands on your belt. 1 – hands to shoulders, hand into fist; 2 – arms up, stretch, hands straight; 3 – arms to shoulders, hands into fists; 4 – “drop” your hands down (the pace is slow, repeat 3-4 times).
I.P. – sitting on a chair, arms down. 1-2 – raise your shoulders, trying to touch your earlobes; 3-4 – lower. (Medium tempo, repeat 4-6 times).
I.P. - sitting on a chair, hands on your belt. 1-2 – two springy tilts to the left, touch the field with your hand; 3-4 – i.p. The same to the right (medium pace, repeat 3-4 times).
I.P. – sitting on a chair, arms down, legs bent at the knees, place on the floor. 1-2 – raise your heels, lower them; 3-4 – raise your socks, lower them (medium tempo, repeat 3-4 times).
(slide16) IV. Practical work No. 2. Making a plain weave design from paper. Determining the front and back sides of the fabric. Safety precautions (work according to the textbook).
The threads in the fabric are intertwined in a certain order. Let's consider the most common type of weave - plain. In a plain weave, the warp and weft threads alternate. Cotton fabrics - calico, calico, cambric, as well as some linen and silk fabrics - have a plain weave.
V. Target bypass. Monitoring correct work practices, compliance with technology and safety regulations.
(slide1 7 )VI. Consolidation of the studied material. Crossword.
VII. Evaluation of completed work.
VIII. Homework. Compile your own collection of samples of cotton and linen fabrics.
Bibliography
- Technology: Textbook for 5th grade students of secondary schools. Edited by V.D.
- Simonenko. M.: “Ventana-Graf”, 2003.
- Didactic material on labor training “Cooking and textile processing” Book for teachers. Edited by E.V. Starikov and G.A.
Korchagin. M.: “Enlightenment”, 1996.
Weaving is one of the very first crafts mastered by primitive people. The method of producing fabric on a handloom was invented by an unknown ancient man who lived in the late Neolithic era. Centuries passed, the shape of the machine changed, new types of yarn appeared, manual production of fabric was replaced by its industrial production, but to this day the very principle of producing woven fabric from individual fibers remains practically unchanged.
How fabrics are made nowadays
Raw materials for fabric production
Initially, the wool of various animals, as well as hemp and flax fibers were used to make fabrics. Then, in the Middle Ages, silk and cotton were brought to Europe from Asia. Their appearance made it possible to significantly expand the range of fabrics produced. In the twentieth century, chemist scientists created artificial and synthetic fibers, which immediately began to be widely used in weaving.
All these types of fibers are used to make fabrics in our time. However, individual fibers themselves are not suitable for the production of woven fabric, because natural fibers are too short and not strong enough, and chemical fibers, although long, are very thin. In order to make fabric from fibers, they must first be made into threads.
Spinning
The process of turning individual fibers into a single thread takes place in a spinning mill. Spinning chemical and natural fibers has a number of significant differences.
Chemical fibers are produced by pressing synthetic mass through very thin holes - spinnerets, so they already have a given thickness and a very long length. Spinning chemical fibers consists only of twisting several monofilaments together to obtain a single thread of the required thickness.
Natural fibers undergo more complex processing before being turned into thread.
- First, the compressed bales, in the form of which the fibers arrive at the factory, are sent to a loosening machine, which separates the dense mass into small shreds.
- Then they are placed in a scutching drum, where further loosening and cleaning of the fibers from all kinds of debris occurs.
- After this, in the carding machine the fibers are finally separated, straightened and arranged all in one direction in the form of a wide, long ribbon.
- Then this tape is stretched and compacted, and a roving is formed from it - not yet a thread, but no longer a fiber.
- The roving is wound on special bobbins, which are transferred to the spinning machine. There the roving is finally stretched and twisted tightly - a finished thread is obtained, suitable for the production of fabric.
How fabric is made
Fabric production is carried out at a weaving factory. The weaving process itself consists of interweaving two perpendicularly located groups of threads together in a special order.
This is done on a loom - the warp threads (those that run along the piece of fabric) are tucked into loops fixed to the healds of the loom. IN a simple machine there are only two of them and the threads in them are threaded through one - the first into the loop of the first heald, the next into the loop of the second heald, then again into the loop of the first, etc., until all the threads are threaded across the width of the loom.
The healds can be lowered and raised, when this happens, half of the warp threads also rise, and the other half falls - a gap is formed between them, into which a shuttle with a weft thread tucked into it is thrown from one end of the loom to the other. During the second stroke of work, the healds change their location, and the shuttle is thrown back through the newly formed gap of threads. After this, the whole process is repeated many times.
This produces fabric of the simplest, plain weave. By changing the number of healds and the order of threading the warp threads into them, you can get more complex species weave.
In addition to the fabrics themselves, the industry also produces knitted fabrics and fabrics from non-woven materials, which differ from fabric in the principle of connecting the threads together. The structure of knitwear is created by loops of threads, and in nonwoven materials the fibers are joined mechanically or by adhesive.
In peasant farming, flax played an exceptional role. “Flax will exhaust you - flax will make you rich” - so says the ancient Russian proverb. Clothes, seines, boat sails and other useful things were made from this plant. The whiteness of linen fabric allowed peasants to look solemn at any holiday. Technologies for growing and processing flax have remained virtually unchanged over time.
The best place for planting this plant was considered to be undercuts. Men cleared the land for sowing, they also plowed the plot and sowed it, but weeding and other work fell exclusively on the shoulders of women. The harvested flax was “combed” with special wooden combs and soaked in ponds. The soaked plants were first dried in the meadows, and then dried in specially constructed barns. There they were torn with “scramblers” and kneaded with “balls”. Most of the fiber was used to meet the needs of the peasants' own households; the remaining flax was sold. Proceeds from sales most often went to pay state taxes
Karelian women spent long winter evenings spinning. Only true needlewomen could spin thin and even yarn. Girls were taught to use a spindle from the age of 5, and the best gift for the young girl there was a painted spinning wheel. Weaving mills appeared in huts with the beginning of Lent. And while women were busy creating various fabrics and linens, men weaved twine, ropes, nets, sails and other household items from coarse flax fibers. Oil was squeezed out of the seeds, but their constant shortage made it possible to do this quite rarely. The peasants sought to deal with the fibers as quickly as possible, because the beginning of spring was approaching every day, and with it new concerns. The processing of flax was accompanied by various rituals and the observance of many centuries-old traditions.
Harvesting fiber flax
Flax is harvested during the period of early yellow ripeness. Flax is tugged, that is, pulled out of the ground along with its roots,
then dried, freed from seed heads (combed), and threshed. After threshing, the stems are subjected to primary processing.
Primary processing of flax
The purpose of primary processing of flax is to obtain trust from flax stems, and from trust - fiber.
To release the fibers, the stems are subjected to biological (cutting) and mechanical (crushing, fraying) processes.
Lobe can be produced in various ways:
Dewy lobe, or spread. After threshing, the stems (straw) are spread on the field in even rows. In straws spread on the grass and wet from drops of dew and rain, microorganisms rapidly develop, destroying the adhesive substances inside the stem.
As a result, a trust* is formed, in which the fiber is relatively easily separated from the wood.
The process of trust formation sometimes lasts three, and sometimes six weeks, depending on the weather, and in order for it to proceed evenly over the entire layer, the spread straw has to be turned over 2-3 times during this time.
Cold water lobe. Straw in sheaves, bales, containers, etc. immerse in water for 10-15 days.
As a result of bacterial activity, fibers are separated from tissues.
Heat soaking is used in flax mills. The straw is soaked in water heated to 36 - 37 °C. This allows you to obtain trust in 70 - 80 hours, and when using accelerators (urea, ammonia water, etc.) - in 24 - 48 hours. Steaming the straw in autoclaves under a pressure of 2-3 atm (up to 75-90 minutes) further shortens the process ) and soaking in a weak solution soda ash, acids and special emulsions (up to 30 min).
The resulting trust is raised and dried, after which it is ready for further processing at the flax mill
Processing fires at a flax mill
At the flax mill, to separate the fiber from the flax, the trust is subjected to mechanical stress, carrying out the following operations:
crushing: the trust is passed through grooved rollers, thereby destroying the fragile wood, but preserving the elastic fiber;
beating: hitting the trust repeatedly with the blades of beating drums;
shaking: the crumbling fire is removed using a shaking machine.
When mechanically processing trust, various fibrous materials with different spinning abilities are obtained:
Long frayed fiber obtained by crumpling and fraying a long trust;
Short fiber obtained from the processing of scutching waste or tangled short-stem trusts.
Depending on the properties of the resulting flax raw material, its processing into yarn can be carried out using various spinning systems.
Tresta* - straw of flax, hemp, as well as some southern bast crops (jute, kenaf), processed biologically, thermally or by chemical means. When processed by these methods, the pectin substances in the straw that bind the wood and covering tissues to the fibrous bundles are destroyed. From trusts mechanically(crumpling, scuffing, carding) produces fiber for spinning, as well as bonfire.
Kostra - woody parts of the stems obtained as waste during the primary processing (crushing, scuffing) of flax to release the fiber from the trust.
Instructions
- 1 The raw materials for the production of linen fabric are fibers that are extracted from the stems of the plant.
- In order to obtain flax fiber, collect flax and perform its primary processing.
- Soak the straw (in private enterprises they use own recipes composition for the hydrolysis of flax, often this technology is a trade secret)
- 2 Dry the straw - the stems should be completely dry.
- Now start crumpling and fraying the material.
- Final stage pre-treatment - combing the fibers to obtain pure fiber.
- As a rule, linen is not dyed, but sometimes it is bleached.
- Purchase the composition and divide your raw materials into the required categories: hard, medium, and crumpled.
- Depending on the category of raw materials, dilute the solution and bleach the flax.
- 3 Next, a process called weaving occurs, which is the transformation of fibers directly into fabric.
- The whole process can be divided into three stages:
- spinning, weaving, finishing.
- 4 The fabric is an interlacing of warp and weft threads (warp threads are threads running along the fabric, weft threads are threads running across the fabric).
- Along the edges of the fabric, the threads are placed more often, and the weave is more dense, it is called a selvage, it prevents the fabric from fraying and stretching.
- 5 The simplest type of weave is plain, where each warp thread is intertwined with a weft thread one after another.
- Similar view The weave is considered very durable and is characterized by a smooth, matte surface with the same pattern on both sides.
- 6 The fabric, when removed from the loom, is yellowish in color and has a rough surface, so it must be finished.
- It is necessary to remove the remaining fibers from its surface, bleach and paint it, you can also apply a design.
- The purpose of finishing is to give the fabric marketable condition and improve its properties.
- Also note that the fabric has two sides: front and back.
- The first is smooth and shiny, has bright color(picture), there are fewer fibers on its surface.
- The reverse side, on the contrary, is matte and slightly rough, its color and pattern are pale, there are more fibers and nodules on the surface.
We already remember that cotton receives huge doses to grow chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, many of them have long been banned in Europe.
- Cotton is harvested manually or mechanically, remove grains, in case mechanical assembly, already at this stage, the separation of the fiber from the rest of the plant occurs with the help of harmful chemicals.
- Cleaning. Produced to separate fiber from various debris.
- Spinning and sizing.
After cleaning, the fibers are spun into threads. The threads are glued to give them strength and protection from tearing during friction during the weaving or knitting process. To do this, the threads are immersed in solutions based on starch, synthetic resins and fats. - Bleaching. The purpose of bleaching is to make the fiber extremely white. Once upon a time, threads and fabrics were bleached in the fields by exposure to sunlight. Today, chemistry is used for this. Chlorine-based substances such as bleach, soda chloride or hydrogen peroxide.
- Cleaning fabric from adhesive, used in stage 3. For this purpose they are used chemical substances.
- Painting.
In industry, only synthetic chemicals are used for painting. There are more than 4000 dyes, and they belong to different groups chemical substances.
The use of chemical dyes is preceded by the use of a group of other chemicals: pickling solution, dye accelerator, wetting agent, chelating agent, defoamer, catalyst, binders, thickeners and many others.If you write about dyes in detail, you could write a whole book. Let's highlight only physical signs two groups:
- - pigment dye. Does not dissolve in water. Mainly used for dyeing synthetic fibers. Causes allergies, some of them are carcinogenic.
- - soluble dyes. Used for natural and synthetic fibers. There are reactive, acidic, alkaline. Some belong to azo dyes.
- Finishing. Did you think that the fabric was dyed and that’s it? Can I sew? There is nothing like it in industry! The tissue must still undergo a series of operations called finishing. The purpose of these operations is to change the appearance of the fabric, give it qualities valuable to consumers, and sometimes make the fabric heavier. Some types of finishing are purely mechanical (napping, shaving, crimping), but most are chemical. Here are just the most common:
* mercerization. Making cotton look silky and preparing it for dyeing. The threads are soaked in a solution of caustic soda at a temperature of 0 degrees. The threads are then washed with an acidic solution to neutralize any remaining caustic soda.
* wrinkle-resistant finish. Most often by applying formaldehyde resins.
* bluing - to enhance the effect of whiteness. Numerous chemicals derived from dibenzylidene, pyrazole, benzazole are used
* anti-stall treatment. Used for wool. Most often using formaldehyde.Ekaterina Tarasova
