Carriage for a copier on a lathe. Wood copying machine: assembly of turning and milling equipment

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A wood turning and copying machine is a machine that is widely used in factory woodworking for replicating products of a certain configuration that corresponds to a given sample. This equipment allows you to process any parts with high precision and speed. However, production machines with their large dimensions will be difficult to locate in a small private workshop.

Copying equipment in woodworking

Many carpentry enthusiasts, gradually expanding their tool base and improving their skills, come to the idea of ​​assembling a wood copy lathe with their own hands. After all, with the help of this device it is possible to make an exact copy of any piece of furniture and carry out restoration work.

Note!
In most cases, of course, the main factor that encourages people to “reinvent the wheel” is the high price of a finished factory product.

The operating principle of a wood copying machine is quite simple:

• Blank required size clamped horizontally.
• Starting the device, forcing the workpiece to rotate around its axis.
• In turn, the movable cutter also removes excess wood, turning the blank into a product of the desired shape.

Structurally, a copying device for lathe woodworking consists of a whole series of parts connected to each other, so there will be a lot to work on.

Personal assembly of equipment at home

Lathe

In order to assemble a small copying machine for wood with your own hands, you will need to make some effort and patience, as well as invest financially (about 7-7.5 thousand rubles). But this is several times less than the costs that await you if you purchase a ready-made option.

Processing shaped surfaces on a lathe using a copier is essentially no different from processing conical surfaces using a tapered ruler. It is only necessary to replace the conical ruler with a ruler with a curved outline (Fig. 177), called a copier.

If you disconnect the lower part of the support from the cross-feed screw and then impart longitudinal movement to the carriage, then the cutter will receive from the copier, along with longitudinal movement, also transverse movement. In this case, the cutter, grinding the part, gives it a curved surface, the generatrix of which will correspond to the profile of the copier. This way of working is called copier work.

Fig. 177 - Grinding a shaped handle using a copier

In Fig. 177 shows the turning of a shaped handle 1 using a copier 3. The roller 4, fixed in the rod 2, makes a longitudinal movement together with the support. At the same time, it moves in a curved groove formed by two copier plates and moves cutter 5 in the transverse direction. The cutter follows the movement of the roller and thus reproduces on the part the surface profile of which corresponds to the profile of the copier.

Rice. 179. Grinding the profile of a disc cam according to the copier

To process non-round parts such as disk cams, eccentrics, etc., use a special mandrel 1 (Fig. 179), on which a copier 2, a sleeve 3, a workpiece 4 and a washer 5 are mounted, secured with a nut 6. The profile of the copier is always made corresponding to the profile of the processed details.

The mandrel is inserted with a conical shank into the spindle hole and tightened with a bolt. To grind a part, a holder with a roller 8 and a cutter 7 are fixed in the tool holder. The roller must be constantly pressed against the copier 2 and kept near it constantly in a pressed state. To do this, the turner must disconnect the support from the cross-feed screw, and install a roller with a spring instead of the screw. When the mandrel rotates, roller 1 will roll along the copier, and the cutter will process the part according to the profile of the copier.

Sometimes the shaped surfaces of parts are turned using a one-sided copier. In this case, the roller is pressed against the copier under the action of a spring or a weight suspended on a cable behind the frame and moved along with the carriage.

In Fig. 178 shows copier 2 in the form of a finished, precisely machined part, mounted in the tailstock quill. In addition to the main cutter 7, a probe 3 is fixed in the support, the end of which must always touch the copier. By manually combining longitudinal and transverse feeds, the turner constantly maintains the probe in contact with the copier, and thanks to this, cutter 1 reproduces on the part a surface corresponding to the profile of the copier. The vertices of the probe and the cutter must lie exactly at the height of the centers and have strictly the same shape in plan, otherwise the processed surface will be distorted.

The design of woodworking lathes is similar in basic parameters to metalworking equipment. They also have a front and rear headstock, a caliper, and a spindle with cutters. The purpose of the equipment depends on its weight, equipment with additional devices and automated systems management.

Construction of a woodworking lathe

The design of a wood lathe differs from that of metal lathes in that it does not require a cooling system; therefore, there is no coolant supply system. The power of a manually controlled woodworking lathe is less, but it has adjustable rotation speeds. To work on manually operated wood lathes that are not intended to produce one type of product, special devices are used - cutters and a removable faceplate.

Main nodes

The faceplate serves to securely fasten the material of the maximum permissible diameter, and the cutter is used to self made on equipment that does not have a permanently installed support. They are more often used for making simple blanks for painting, turning cuttings needed on the farm for shovels, ax handles and other household utensils.

The school wood lathe gives a complete idea of ​​how you can make household items and beautiful souvenirs. A machine operating at low speeds will allow the novice master to understand the basic operating principle of all turning units and mechanisms. The skills acquired at school will help you master more complex CNC turning equipment.

One of the most common equipment in mass production in woodworking shops is a wood turning and copying machine. For its operation, devices are needed - stencils, according to the outline of which the outline of the object will be created.

Classification of woodworking machines

Many types of equipment are used in the woodworking industry. The main characteristics by which classification is made are technological process and design features.

Technological features:

1. Cutting;
2. Gluing and assembly;
3. Presses;
4. Finishing;
5. Dryers.

Equipment of different designs for performing the same operations may differ in operating technology.

• Processing 1 or many items;
• Number of threads;
• 1-axis or 4-axis;
• By the number of spindles;
• Along the trajectory of movement of the processed material;
• By the nature of the presentation.
• By cyclicality.

The scheme of operation on a turning and copying machine is as follows:

1. At the top of the bed special mounts a stencil made of wood is installed - a copier.
2. The rolling roller moves along outside copier
3. By connecting the roller to the cutting tool using a rigid fastening method, the cutter accurately transfers the movement of the roller along the copier to the wood. Where there is a recess on the copier, there will be a convex element on the wood, and the protrusion on the stencil will appear as a notch in the finished wooden object.

For the production of identical elements of wooden decor, a machine with a copier is the most convenient solution.

A lathe on which machining is carried out using hand tools: reyer, meisel, scraper, is not particularly accurate. When making several similar parts from wood with the same density characteristics, you have to rely only on the skill of the turner and his eye, but it is still very difficult to give a 100% guarantee that they will be identical. Use in wood production various breeds implies that cutters and fixtures will need to be different from each other.

The wood turning and copying machine is distinguished by the accuracy of reproduction of the stored data. The copier is a kind of CNC prototype. One copier allows you to make identical things an infinite number of times, which is necessary for the manufacture of balusters for railings or legs for cabinet furniture sets. In workshops where production is on stream, it is more advisable to use CNC-equipped copying machines.

When working with wood, there is always manual process bringing details to perfection using sandpaper. Grinding is carried out at the stage while the object is secured between the lathe heads. Rotation is programmed at lower speeds than those at which cutting was performed.

Lathes are used for turning wooden elements oblong shape. The workpiece is mounted on a spindle with approximately equal weight distribution. To do this, holes are drilled in the center of the end ends of the wooden workpiece - this is necessary so that the rotation of the shaft is uniform. Most often, cylindrical wood or timber with planed corners are used. Cutting is carried out not only externally, but also inner surface blanks. Forms finished products can be complex, conical, cylindrical - symmetrical relative to the center of the product.

A desktop wood lathe equipped with a computer programming system has high precision in reproducing complex designs. It can be used to create very complex carving elements.

Classification

Lathes are divided into:

• center ones with mechanized feed. It is possible to perform work on this equipment using hand-held cutting tools (when installing a special tool rest on the frame). An oblong piece of wood is held by a spindle and a movable tailstock. The longitudinal feed of the caliper is mechanized. These machines can be used to work with a copier. When working with short, light workpieces, the tailstock fastening may not be used. During processing inside wooden part The fastening is a faceplate. The moving elements in the operating mode on these lathes are the cutters moving along the piece of wood being processed and the rotating spindle.
• Lathes are used to produce parts on a flat, wide wooden base. Beautiful multi-level carvings, bas-reliefs, high reliefs - this is what can be produced on machines that work with a wide faceplate, on which the workpiece is mounted. Work is carried out only on the front part of the part. The rest of the revision will be done manually.
• round-sticks process wood, giving it a shape with a round cross-section. When working on this equipment, the workpieces do not rotate or move. The only moving parts of the machine are the cutter heads. There are also machines in this group for processing long products. Then they will feed the workpieces with rollers under the cutters.

Shaping wood occurs by rotating the material being processed and using a cutting tool.

Device and equipment

Woodworking lathes differ in the type of support feed and the shape of the items being manufactured.

1. Wooden blanks not exceeding 40 cm in diameter and 1 m in length, 60 cm, are processed on a lathe with a tool rest.
2. Lathes with mechanical support feed are adapted for processing wooden blanks with the same size restrictions as hand-cutting fixtures.
3. The device for disc-shaped wooden blanks can be placed on work surface parts up to 3 m in diameter. The thickness of the wood is limited by the parameters set by the machine manufacturer.

Diagram of a lathe with a mechanical support feed, equipped with an attached frontal device:

• bed on 2 pedestals;
• headstock and tailstock;
• calipers;
• spindle rotated by a 2-speed motor;
• V-belt drive connecting the 3-speed gearbox to the engine;
• a pulley mounted on the spindle drives the longitudinal slide;
• the cutters are mounted in a rotating holder;
• the main - transverse and additional - longitudinal supports set the direction of movement of the cutters.

When working with hand cutters, it is necessary to install a tool rest on the guides of the frame. The support at this stage of processing is retracted beyond working area all the way.

Accessories for lathes Tools for wood lathes

The head device also has a rotating holder. This device is used for processing workpieces with a diameter of up to 60 cm, fixed on one side to a faceplate connected to the spindle, and fixed by the tailstock of the machine. When processing a short workpiece, the clamp can be omitted, making it easier internal processing details.

The speed of cutting the edge of a tree at different points is different, which is determined by the distance of the cutter from the axis of rotation. This is most clearly seen when working with a copier. The spindle speed is determined by the diameter of the wood material being processed and its strength.

Lathes are specialized equipment used for making wood products. It is on this machine that furniture legs are made, door handles, balusters and other wood products. There are many models of modern lathes with different prices.

Models of wood lathes

There are a large number of different models of lathes, they can be divided into the following types:

• Standard machines, depending on the product, processing on such a device is carried out in the center, in a special chuck or faceplate. The equipment design includes an electric motor, a steel frame, cutters, chucks and a control system.
• Copying tools, with their help, produce the same type of wood products, in large quantities. Manually operated devices are cheaper and will be a profitable option for small industries.
• Milling machines, on which wood processing is done along the axis of the product. The work is done using a milling cutter and a circular saw.
• Machines for twisted flutes, the equipment can carry out standard operations, as well as curly cutting on the sides of the products. Electronic control greatly facilitates work, and the ability to simultaneously process two products increases productivity and saves time.

Copy wood lathe Proma DSL-1200

The lathe is designed for processing wooden products, turning profiles and decorative parts. Feature apparatus - presence of two incisors. One is installed on a steady rest and is used for processing round workpieces, removing up to 10 mm of material in one pass. Using this cutter you can make round workpieces different diameters. The settings are set on a special device.

The second cutter is installed in the copying carriage and turns the parts according to the copying machine. Original mount, allows you to quickly prepare the machine for work.

For the manufacture of long products, the delivery set includes a steady rest, which is mounted on guide rods as a support and prevents deflection of the long workpiece. By installing a faceplate, the machine will allow you to process multi-faceted products.

Characteristics:

• Voltage - 380V.
• Center height - 215 mm.
• Weight - 395 kg.
• Dimensions - 2105x1000x1225 mm.

Price - 255803 rub..

4-spindle copy lathe T4M-0

Model T4M-0 is equipped with a horizontal sanding unit, which is capable of processing 4 workpieces simultaneously using a copier (lace legs of tables and chairs, musical instruments).

• The cast bed and balanced parts eliminated vibration, increasing the processing speed of large workpieces.
• The shaft is installed automatically at the beginning of the cycle and returns to its original position after processing is completed.
• Pneumatic clamping on spindles.
• Adjustable shaft feed speed.
• Smooth adjustment of spindle speed using a block.

Characteristics:

Additional equipment:

• 7.3 kW motor.
• Inventory rotation speed control.
• Expansion of working space up to 1500 mm.

Price - 49,700 rub..

Copy wood lathe CL-1201

The CL-1201 machine is used in manufacturing industries for turning rounded products with a diameter of up to 1200 mm and processing cylindrical parts. Wide range of possibilities For processing, clamps are provided: faceplate, chuck, centers.

Features of the lathe:

• The heavy spindle is equipped with a device that controls the rotation speed, which allows high-quality processing of workpieces based on weight, dimensions, and type of wood.
• The spindle can change the direction of rotation, providing good processing of wood of any density.
• The lathe is controlled and configured from a portable console, which, at the user’s request, can be placed on the front or rear column.
• The stability of the machine is ensured by a frame made of steel, and the rear columns are made of cast iron. This ensures minimal vibration during operation and improves the quality of processing.
• The base allows you to process workpieces up to 1270 mm long, and to increase it you can use additional sections up to 1270 mm.
• The copying mechanism is included in the basic package, which significantly expands the possibilities.
• The milling attachment allows you to produce longitudinal grooves along the entire length of the workpiece.
• The mobile support moves over the entire surface of the part. Control is carried out by a flywheel. The processing depth is adjusted by lever
• With the help of a tailstock, the machining accuracy of long parts increases.
• The degree of protection of the machine is IP54, the engine is reliably protected from overheating and overload, and electronic parts are protected from moisture and dust.

The standard package includes:

• Copier and template holder.
• Knife support 254 mm.
• Mounting washer 254 mm.
• Rotating center.
• 2 straight cutters
• Chisel stand.
• Mobile rest.
• Devices for regulating spindle speed.

Price - 153588 rub..

Copy wood lathe CL-1201A

The device is manufactured by the Austrian company Stomana, which has been supplying equipment for more than 20 years. The device is designed for processing wood and rounding products up to 1270 mm long, made of materials of different densities. The copier is supplied in a basic configuration; it is used to produce products according to the sample.

Included in delivery lathe includes:

• Copier and stand for templates.
• Knife support.
• Mechanism for applying spiral channels.
• Rotating center.
• Leading center with a diameter of 20 mm.
• Fastening washer.
• 2 incisors.
• Stand for lunette.

Copy wood lathe KTF-7

The KTF-7 turning device is used for processing wood on stationary and rotating workpieces. Equipment uses disc milling tool, which increases productivity and service life. This scheme allows you to obtain parts that cannot be made on a conventional lathe:

• Profile polyhedra.
• Surfaces with helical profile.
• Profile grooves on the product.

Work on a turning device is carried out according to a template with automatic feeding of the workpiece, in two passes. When moving forward, roughing occurs; when moving backwards, finishing occurs. Semi-automatic operation increases productivity and the number of irregularities on the wood surface during processing. The device is equipped with a mount for a hand cutter.

Characteristics:

• Voltage - 380V.
• The maximum length of the part is 1200 mm.
• Center height - 215 mm.
• Weight - 740 kg.
• Dimensions - 2100x900x1049 mm.

Copier for wood lathe with manual router

We suggest you make your own copier with minimal time, the machine can be started in “ industrial production» turned parts by evening. The "cutting tool" will be manual frezer, technical specifications for manufactured parts depend on technical characteristics wood lathe. Despite the fact that the copier is made using plywood, it can produce up to hundreds of products from one copier, you will agree that this quantity is quite enough to fulfill most wholesale orders.

The device does not look exactly “attractive” from a design point of view, but we did not set such a task for ourselves. We tried to make our “equipment” as simple to manufacture and more or less reliable as possible. Which is what happened in the end. How is a copier made? Let's get to know him better.

Copier device

An ordinary hand-held milling cutter is used for the cutting tool; the specific model does not matter. Place the router on the support platform, our platform dimensions are 500×200 mm, made of sheet plywood 12 millimeters thick. You can slightly increase or decrease the linear parameters of the site depending on the size of the hand cutter. On the site, make holes for the cutter to exit and holes for installing mounting bolts. In order to completely eliminate unauthorized spontaneous movements of the cutter during operation, we advise you to install additional stop bars around the perimeter on the site, secure the bars with self-tapping screws, the length of the screws is selected taking into account the thickness of the fixing bars.

The router must be installed between the stop bars, check the reliability of its fixation, any vibrations are completely eliminated. The far end of the platform should “ride” along the pipe the entire length of the wood lathe, we used a Ø 25 mm pipe, you can use other pipes for making. The main thing is that they can withstand the weight of the router without bending, that they are absolutely flat and have a perfectly smooth surface. Secure the ends of the pipe with two wooden blocks, in our case, 80×35 mm bars were used. Screw the bars to the body of the lathe using metal screws; you do not have to cut threads for the bolts. If your machine design does not allow you to fasten the bars in this way, then solve this problem in your own way.

Installing main structural elements homemade copier

Strong advice - do not rush during the manufacture of equipment; turned parts for a copier do not forgive even the slightest violations not only of technology, but also of the location of the working axes. It follows from this that the axis of the pipe along which the milling cutter will move must be perfectly parallel to the axis of rotation of the lathe. We naturally found that the axis of the pipe coincided with the axis of the machine, but this condition is not necessary. The main thing that cutting tool the cutter in its lowest position coincides with the axis of the machine, and this parameter can be adjusted by the level of the copier.

The pipe is fixed in the blind holes of the bars; before fixing it, you need to put two bars on it, on which the bearing platform of the router will be installed. Important condition- the bars for the platform should slide easily along the guide pipe, but wobbling is prohibited. Check this parameter and, if necessary, manually lap the pipe and bars. Then attach the router support pad to the bars and install the router on it. Check the smoothness of sliding again, making sure that there is no wobble at all. Don’t be afraid of such “strict” requirements for gliding quality. If you have a pipe with a normal surface and completely flat, then achieving smooth sliding is not difficult.

Installation of a horizontal bar

This is the second “working” element of a homemade copier; in terms of installation accuracy, you must comply with all the above requirements. The profile template of the parts is attached to the horizontal bar. A 70×30 mm block is quite suitable for production; it is attached with self-tapping screws to vertical wooden posts; fix the posts with any in a convenient way to the lathe bed. The upper edge of the horizontal bar must be parallel to the axis of the machine and be flush with it. If the copier becomes temporarily unnecessary, the block can be easily removed, the mounting platform for the router tilts to the rearmost position and the wood lathe can be used for its intended purpose.

Attach a vertical stop to the working platform of the router; we made it from thin plywood; you can use more durable materials, even metal. This part will move along the copier during turning and set the spatial position of the cutter; fasten the copier as firmly as possible. There is a direct relationship in terms of thickness: the thinner it is, the more accurately the dimensions will be taken from the template. But there is another dependence - too thin a copier makes it difficult to move the device along the template, choose the golden mean. The height of the copier needs to be adjusted after final assembly machine, during adjustment all the listed conditions must be observed. One more thing. If you have a copier made of plywood, then you need to make it removable, this will allow you to quickly replace a worn-out copier with a new one during turning large quantity similar products.

How the template is made

There's nothing new here. Draw the outline of the part to be turned on a strip of plywood or OSB board, check all the dimensions again and use electric jigsaw cut carefully. The edges must be sanded to remove nicks and irregularities. Attach the template to the horizontal rail with self-tapping screws; when fixing, observe all installation dimensions.

Some features of turning

You will have to move the device only with two hands, otherwise it may jam on the pipe. Another problem is that the radii of curvature of turned parts are limited by the diameter of the cutter; this must be kept in mind when choosing the profile of turned parts. Practice shows the dependence of the feed speed on the diameter of the cutter: the smaller the diameter of the cutter, the less the feed should be and vice versa.

RUB 1,800