Short adjective (non-membered adjective, short form of the adjective, nominal form of the adjective). A qualitative adjective having a zero ending in the masculine singular, ending -а(-я) and -о(-е) respectively in the feminine and neuter singular, -ы(-и) in plural of all genders and is used mainly as a predicate. New, new, new, new; good, good, good, good. Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form (brotherly, efficient, advanced, skillful, blue, brown, etc.). Individual adjectives allow two short forms (on -em and on -enei): natural - natural, characteristic - characteristic, identical - identical, related - related in modern language the first ones are more common (in each pair of forms). Some short adjectives do not semantically correlate with full adjectives. Wed: The girl is very alive. - Grandmother is still alive. This boy is deaf from birth. - His father is deaf to his requests. The room was bad. - The patient is very bad. Short adjectives usually denote a temporary feature, while the correlative full adjectives indicate constant sign. Wed: His mother is sick. -His mother is sick. The faces of those present are calm. - The movements of the gymnasts are calm. Short adjectives have a hint of categoricalness, while full adjectives express the attribute in a softened form. Wed: he is brave - he is brave, she is stupid - she is stupid. Short adjectives are typical for bookish styles of speech, while full adjectives are usually used in neutral and colloquial speech. Wed: The philosophical constructions of materialists are clear and precise. - The student’s answers are clear and precise. Who's to blame?(Herzen). Tell me - who is to blame?(Pushkin).
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a “short adjective” is in other dictionaries:
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adjective- Wow; Wed; linguistic A part of speech that denotes the quality, property or belonging of an object and varies by case, number and in the singular by gender. Full, short adjective. Qualitative, relative adjective.… … Dictionary of many expressions
- (clause adjective, full form of adjective, pronominal form of adjective). Qualitative adjectives with the endings й (ой), я, ого, ы after the base with a solid consonant (kind, bright, sick), й, яя, ея, е after... ...
Same as short adjective... Dictionary of linguistic terms
State name concept introduced into the Russian language course high school in the textbooks of Babaytseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D.. It is defined as an independent part of speech that denotes a state and answers the questions how? what? Names... ...Wikipedia
Suffix 1. A word-forming unit that stands out in the prepositive element of the combination, the second element of which is an adverb on o or a short adjective (white white, red red, full full, dark dark, black black, etc.), ... ...
Suffix; = th A word-forming unit that stands out in the prepositive element of the combination, the second element of which is an adverb on o or a short adjective (white white, red red, full full, dark dark, black black, etc.) ... Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language Efremova
City, district center, Poltava region, Ukraine. Mentioned in a source of 1096 as Lubn. The name is a short adjective from other Russian. bast bast, bark, bast. Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Lubny... Geographical encyclopedia
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- A collection of exercises for the basic rules of English grammar for schoolchildren with keys, Kamyanova T.G.. The book contains a brief description of the basic grammatical rules of the English language and 750 various lexical and grammatical exercises for the formation and consolidation of skills in using...
Short adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives by certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they only have gender and number forms) and syntactic role(in a sentence they are predicates). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in certain phraseological units (on bare feet; in broad daylight; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art(good fellow, I’m blushing the girl).
Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change according to cases and, as a rule, acting as a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that is different from the meanings full adjectives.
The adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, capable and able, etc. can have different meanings. Moreover, such adjectives as much, nadoben, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda little man, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), Is handsome Lel good at singing? (A. Ostr.).
The adjective must is used in certain phraseological units and in full forms e: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.
In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, the gender endings are: for the masculine gender - the zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); For feminine ending -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, thinner). In the plural there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).
If the base of a full adjective has two consonant sounds at the end, then when forming short masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel sound o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -н and -ні (-ні, -ніні). IN masculine they end in -en or -nen (fragrant - fragrant, hungry - hungry, red - red, muddy - muddy, modern - modern, honest - honest).
If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles ending in -enny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (used - used, confident - sure).
There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form in -en, forms in -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Forms in -en are more productive for the modern Russian language.
In modern Russian there are no short forms:
1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-formation connections with nouns: combat, brotherly, enemy, free, efficient, friendly, slanderous, bloody, advanced, comradely, tragic, whole, rough, etc.
2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
3. Some polysemous adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of “pleasant, good”: Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning “full”: The prince’s second misfortune was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of “unhappy”: Nothing, Polya, you’re laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of “unfortunate”: Ah, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will take care of you (A. Ostr.) and some others. These same adjectives, which have a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and famous... (P.); round in the meaning of “having the shape of a ball”: She [Olga] is round, red-faced... (P.); bitter in the sense of “sharply unpleasant to taste”: Without me, chaos begins in the house: this is not so; the other is not for you; Either the coffee is bitter, or lunch is late... (A. Ost.); poor in the sense of “having a lack of something”: Her [Gorchakova’s] low voice was dull and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of “inexpensive, wretched”: The candle dullly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its furnishings are poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: experienced, emaciated, behind, able. When they lose connection with verbs, adjectives gain the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
5. Individual adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with prefixes pre- and raz- and with suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -enn-: hefty, kind, excellent, cheerful, thin and other.
Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the base, in a sentence it performs the function of a determiner (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.
The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old
The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - PO Box for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:
1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative degree called comparative, and excellent - superlative).
Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
Comparative degree an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).
Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).
The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).
If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).
The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).
Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).
The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;
2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);
3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) form of the superlative degree of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: the basis of the positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, high
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);
2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:
1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.
General information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( difficult childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive power, Brazil nut, double strike, religious views, etc.
Qualitative adjectives
This group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.
Short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.
Endings
Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:
- Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
- Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
- Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).
In the plural, there are no gender differences for this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She's very smart. IN in this case the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.
What is the difference from full ones?
They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form lies in the definition of morphological characteristics. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological units or in works of folk art (for example, and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling short adjectives
To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- middle (-e or -o);
- female (-I or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:
The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:
1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. They coincide only in certain values:
- “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
- “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
- “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
- “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, baby is sick and baby is sick);
- the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
- the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
- in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).
