Battle on Lake Peipsi, better known as Battle on the Ice- one of the most important battles in history Kievan Rus. The Russian troops were commanded by Alexander Nevsky, who received his nickname after the victory in.
Date of the Battle of the Ice.
The Battle of the Ice took place on April 5, 1242 on Lake Peipsi. The Russian army took battle with the Livonian Order, which invaded Russian lands.
A few years earlier, in 1240, Alexander Nevsky had already fought with the army of the Livonian Order. Then the invaders of Russian lands were defeated, but a few years later they again decided to attack Kievan Rus. Pskov was captured, but in March 1241 Alexander Nevsky was able to recapture it with Vladimir help.
The Order army concentrated its forces in the Dorpat bishopric, and Alexander Nevsky went to Izborsk, captured by the Livonian Order. Nevsky's reconnaissance detachments were defeated by German knights, which affected the self-confidence of the command of the Order Army - the Germans went on the attack in order to win an easy victory as quickly as possible.
The main forces of the Order Army moved to the junction between Lakes Pskov and Lake Peipsi in order to reach Novgorod by a short route and cut off Russian troops in the Pskov area. The Novgorod army turned towards the lake and carried out an unusual maneuver to repel the attack of the German knights: it moved along the ice to the island of Voroniy Kamen. Thus, Alexander Nevsky blocked the Order Army’s path to Novgorod and chose a place for the battle that was important.
Progress of the battle.
The order’s army lined up in a “wedge” (in Russian chronicles this order was called a “pig”) and went on the attack. The Germans were going to defeat the strong central regiment and then attack the flanks. But Alexander Nevsky figured out this plan and deployed the army differently. There were weak regiments in the center, and strong ones on the flanks. There was also an ambush regiment to the side.
The archers who came out first in the Russian army did not inflict serious damage on the armored knights and were forced to retreat to strong flanking regiments. The Germans, putting out long spears, attacked the central Russian regiment and broke through its defensive formations, and a fierce battle ensued. The rear ranks of the Germans pushed the front ones, literally pushing them deeper and deeper into the central Russian regiment.
The left and right regiments, meanwhile, forced the bollards, who were covering the knights from the rear, to retreat.
Having waited until the whole “pig” was drawn into the battle, Alexander Nevsky gave a signal to the regiments located on the left and right flanks. The Russian army clamped the German “pig” in pincers. Nevsky, meanwhile, together with his squad, struck the Germans from the rear. Thus, the Order army was completely surrounded.
Some Russian warriors were equipped with special spears with hooks to pull knights off their horses. Other warriors were equipped with cobbler knives, with which they disabled horses. Thus, the knights were left without horses and became easy prey, and the ice began to crack under their weight. An ambush regiment appeared from behind cover, and the German knights began a retreat, which almost immediately turned into a flight. Some knights managed to break through the cordon and fled. Some of them rushed onto thin ice and drowned, the other part of the German army was killed (the Novgorod cavalry drove the Germans to the opposite shore of the lake), the rest was taken prisoner.
Results.
The Battle of the Ice is considered the first battle in which a foot army defeated heavy cavalry. Thanks to this victory, Novgorod maintained trade relations with Europe, and the threat posed by the Order was eliminated.
The Battle of the Neva, the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Toropets - battles that were of great importance for the entire Kievan Rus, because attacks from the west were restrained while the rest of Rus' suffered from princely strife and the consequences of the Tatar conquest.
Losses
Monument to the squads of A. Nevsky on Mount Sokolikha
The issue of the losses of the parties in the battle is controversial. The Russian losses are spoken of vaguely: “many brave warriors fell.” Apparently, the losses of the Novgorodians were really heavy. The losses of the knights are indicated by specific numbers, which cause controversy. Russian chronicles, followed by domestic historians, say that about five hundred knights were killed, and the miracles were “beschisla”; fifty “brothers,” “deliberate commanders,” were allegedly taken prisoner. Four hundred to five hundred killed knights is a completely unrealistic figure, since there was no such number in the entire Order.
According to the Livonian chronicle, for the campaign it was necessary to gather “many brave heroes, brave and excellent,” led by the master, plus Danish vassals “with a significant detachment.” The Rhymed Chronicle specifically says that twenty knights were killed and six were captured. Most likely, the “Chronicle” means only the “brothers”-knights, without taking into account their squads and the Chud recruited into the army. The Novgorod First Chronicle says that 400 “Germans” fell in the battle, 50 were taken prisoner, and “chud” is also discounted: “beschisla.” Apparently, they suffered really serious losses.
So, it is possible that 400 German cavalry soldiers (of which twenty were real “brothers” knights) actually fell on the ice of Lake Peipus, and 50 Germans (of which 6 “brothers”) were captured by the Russians. “The Life of Alexander Nevsky” claims that the prisoners then walked next to their horses during the joyful entry of Prince Alexander into Pskov.
The immediate site of the battle, according to the conclusions of the expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by Karaev, can be considered a section of Warm Lake, located 400 meters west of the modern shore of Cape Sigovets, between its northern tip and the latitude of the village of Ostrov. It should be noted that the battle on flat surface ice was more advantageous for the heavy cavalry of the Order, but it is traditionally believed that the place to meet the enemy was chosen by Alexander Yaroslavich.
Consequences
According to the traditional point of view in Russian historiography, this battle, together with the victories of Prince Alexander over the Swedes (July 15, 1240 on the Neva) and over the Lithuanians (in 1245 near Toropets, near Lake Zhitsa and near Usvyat), had great importance for Pskov and Novgorod, delaying the onslaught of three serious enemies from the west - at the very time when the rest of Rus' suffered great losses from princely strife and the consequences of the Tatar conquest. In Novgorod, the Battle of the Germans on the Ice was remembered for a long time: together with the Neva victory over the Swedes, it was remembered in the litanies of all Novgorod churches back in the 16th century.
The English researcher J. Funnel believes that the significance of the Battle of the Ice (and the Battle of the Neva) is greatly exaggerated: “Alexander did only what numerous defenders of Novgorod and Pskov did before him and what many did after him - namely, rushed to protect the extended and vulnerable borders from invaders." Russian professor I.N. Danilevsky also agrees with this opinion. He notes, in particular, that the battle was inferior in scale to the battles of Siauliai (city), in which the Lithuanians killed the master of the order and 48 knights (20 knights died on Lake Peipsi), and the battle of Rakovor in 1268; Contemporary sources even describe the Battle of the Neva in more detail and give it greater significance. However, even in the “Rhymed Chronicle,” the Battle of the Ice is clearly described as a defeat of the Germans, unlike Rakovor.
Memory of the battle
Movies
Music
The score for Eisenstein's film, composed by Sergei Prokofiev, is a symphonic suite dedicated to the events of the battle.
Monument to Alexander Nevsky and Worship Cross
Bronze worship cross cast in St. Petersburg with funds from patrons of the Baltic Steel Group (A. V. Ostapenko). The prototype was the Novgorod Alekseevsky Cross. The author of the project is A. A. Seleznev. The bronze sign was cast under the direction of D. Gochiyaev by the foundry workers of NTCCT CJSC, architects B. Kostygov and S. Kryukov. During the implementation of the project, fragments from the lost wooden cross sculptor V. Reshchikov.
Cultural and sports educational raid expedition
Since 1997, an annual raid expedition has been conducted to the sites of military feats of Alexander Nevsky's squads. During these trips, participants in the race help improve areas related to monuments of cultural and historical heritage. Thanks to them, memorial signs were installed in many places in the North-West in memory of the exploits of Russian soldiers, and the village of Kobylye Gorodishche became known throughout the country.
By the middle of the 13th century, the Eastern Baltic became a place where the interests of several geopolitical players collided. Short truces were followed by outbreaks of hostilities, which sometimes developed into real battles. One of the greatest events in history was the Battle of Lake Peipsi.
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Background
The main center of power of medieval Europe was Rome Catholic Church. The Pope had unlimited power, had colossal financial resources, moral authority and could remove any ruler from the throne.
The crusades to Palestine organized by the popes for a long time plagued the entire Middle East. After the defeat of the crusaders, the calm was short-lived. The object that was to taste “European values” were the pagan Baltic tribes.
As a result of the active preaching of the Word of Christ, the pagans were partly destroyed, some were baptized. The Prussians disappeared completely.
The Teutonic Order settled on the territory of modern Latvia and Estonia, whose vassal was the Livonian Order (the former clan of the Swordbearers). It had a common border with the feudal republics of Rus'.
States of medieval Rus'
Mister Veliky Novgorod and the Pskov state had their own plans for the Baltic states. Yaroslav the Wise founded the Yuriev fortress on Estonian land. The Novgorodians, having subjugated the bordering Finno-Ugric tribes, made their way to the sea, where they encountered Scandinavian competitors.
In the 12th century there were several waves of Danish invasions of the Baltic lands. Systematically capturing the territory of the Estonians, the Danes settled in the north and islands of the Moonsund archipelago. Their goal was to transform Baltic Sea to the "Danish lake". The Swedish expeditionary force, with which Alexander Nevsky fought, had the same goals as the Novgorodians.
The Swedes were defeated. However, for Alexander Yaroslavich himself, the victory on the Neva turned into an unexpected “surprise”: the Novgorod elite, fearing the strengthening of the prince’s influence, forced him to leave the city.
Composition and strengths of the warring parties
Lake Peipsi became the site of a clash between Novgorodians and Livonians, but there were many more parties interested and involved in this event. On the side of the Europeans were:
- Livonian Landmastery of the Teutonic Order (what is commonly called the Livonian Order). His cavalry took a direct part in the conflict.
- Bishopric of Dorpat (autonomous part of the Order). The war took place on its territory. The city of Dorpat sent out a foot militia. The role of the infantrymen is not fully understood.
- The Teutonic Order, which exercised general leadership.
- The Roman throne provided financial support, as well as the moral and ethical justification for European expansion to the East.
The forces opposing the Germans were not homogeneous. The army consisted of representatives of different lands who had their own beliefs. Among them were those who adhered to traditional pre-Christian beliefs.
Important! Many participants in the battle were not Christians.
Forces of the Orthodox-Slavic military alliance:
- Mister Veliky Novgorod. Nominally it was the main military component. The Novgorodians provided material supplies and provided rear support, and were also infantry during the battle.
- Pskov feudal republic. Initially it acted in alliance with Novgorod, then stepped aside, taking a neutral position. Some Pskovites volunteered to fight on the side of Novgorod.
- Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Direct military ally of Alexander Nevsky.
- Volunteers from among the Prussians, Curonians and other Baltic tribes. Being pagans, they were highly motivated to wage war against the Catholics.
The main military force of the Russians was the squad of Alexander Nevsky.
Enemy tactics
The Livonians chose an opportune moment to start the war. Strategically, the Russian lands represented an ineffective dynastic union, the members of which had no other connections other than mutual grievances and claims.
The unsuccessful war with Rus' reduced it to a semi-subordinate state to other states.
Tactically, the matter seemed no less winning. The Novgorodians who drove Alexander away were good traders, but not soldiers.
Their loose, poorly trained militia was not capable of meaningful and prolonged combat operations. There were no experienced governors (military specialists - professionals capable of leading troops). There was no talk of any unified management. The Novgorod veche, with all its positive aspects, did not contribute to the strengthening of state structures.
Another important “trump card” of the Livonians was the presence of agents of influence. In Novgorod itself there were supporters of maximum rapprochement with Catholics, but there were many more of them among the Pskovites.
The role of Pskov
The Pskov Republic carried greatest losses from the Slavic-Germanic conflict. Being at the very line of confrontation, the Pskovites were the first to come under attack. A small territory with limited resources was increasingly burdened by this situation. Both the authorities and the population, especially rural ones, had their place.
Start of the war
In August 1240, parts of the crusaders became more active, capturing the city of Izborsk. The few detachments of Pskovites who tried to recapture it were scattered, and Pskov itself was besieged.
After negotiations, the gates were opened, the Germans left their representatives in the city. Obviously, some agreements were concluded according to which the Pskov lands passed into the enemy zone of influence.
In the official national history Pskov's behavior is characterized as shameful and treacherous. However, it should be borne in mind that it was a sovereign state that had the right to enter into any alliances with any side. Politically, Pskov was as independent as Novgorod or any Russian principality. Pskovites had the right to choose with whom to enter into alliances.
Attention! Novgorod did not provide assistance to its ally.
The Novgorodians also turned out to be unable to resist the enemy on the coast. Not far from the sea, the Livonians built a wooden fortress (Koporye) and imposed tribute on the local tribes. This move remained unanswered.
Alexander Nevsky came to the rescue
“Prince Alexander came to Novgorod, and for the sake of Novgorod,” says the chronicle. Realizing that further developments could lead to a sad outcome, the Novgorod authorities asked for help. Grand Duke Vladimirsky sent them a detachment of cavalry. However, only Alexander Yaroslavich, with whom the Novgorodians had recently been in conflict, could cope with the Germans.
The young commander, who had recently tried the sword on the Swedes, acted quickly. In 1241, his squad, reinforced by a militia of Karelians, Izhorians and the Novgorodians themselves, approached Koporye. The fortress was taken and destroyed. Alexander released some of the captured Germans. And the winner hanged the Vod (a small Baltic people) and the Chud (Estonians) as traitors. The immediate threat to Novgorod was eliminated. It was necessary to choose the location of the next strike.
Liberation of Pskov
The city was well fortified. The prince did not storm the fortified fortification, even after receiving reinforcements from Suzdal. In addition, the enemy garrison was small. The Livonians relied on their Pskov proteges.
After a short skirmish German army blocked, the soldiers laid down their arms. Alexander left the Germans for subsequent ransom, and the Russian traitors and ordered the Estonians to be hanged. Next the path went to Izborsk, which was also liberated.
In a short time the area was cleared of uninvited guests. Before the princely squad there was a foreign land. Having pushed forward the vanguard for reconnaissance and robbery, Alexander entered the borders of Livonia. Soon the advance detachment came across enemy cavalry, retreating after a short battle. The opponents learned each other's location and began preparing for battle.
Great Battle
Both sides relied on heavy cavalry. At the time described troop effectiveness(briefly) was assessed as follows:
- Regular heavy cavalry. The striking force of almost any European army.
- Feudal militia. Knights serving certain number days. Unlike regular cavalry, they had low discipline and did not know how to fight on horseback.
- Regular infantry. Almost absent. The exception was archers.
- Foot militia. Europeans had almost none, but in the states of medieval Rus' they were forced to use it quite widely. Its combat effectiveness was very low. A hundred knights could defeat an army of thousands of irregular infantry.
The Order and Alexander Nevsky had at hand armored horsemen with iron discipline and many years of training. It was they who fought on April 5, 1242 on the shores of Lake Peipsi. This date became significant for Russian history.
Progress of hostilities
The knightly cavalry crushed the center of the Novgorod army, which consisted of infantrymen. However, the inconvenient terrain forced the crusaders slow down. They got stuck in a static cabin, stretching the front more and more. The Dorpat foot militia, which could have balanced the forces, did not come to the rescue.
Having no room to maneuver, the cavalry lost its “move” and found itself squeezed into a small, inconvenient space for battle. Then the squad of Prince Alexander struck. Its location, according to legend, was the island of Voroniy Kamen. This turned the tide of the battle.
The cavalry of the Aloth Order retreated. The Russian cavalry pursued the enemy for several kilometers, and then, having collected prisoners, returned to the banner of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich. Nevsky won the battle. The victory was complete and received loud name - Battle on the Ice.
Data on the exact location of the battle, the number of participants, and losses vary. The map of the Battle of the Ice is approximate. There are different versions of the event. Including those who deny the very fact of the battle.
Meaning
The victory over the knights significantly reduced the pressure on the borders of Russian lands. Novgorod defended access to the sea and continued profitable trade with Europe. An important moral and political aspect of the victory was the disruption of the plans of the Roman Church to penetrate Catholicism into the East. A border was established between Western and Russian civilizations. With minor changes it still exists today.
Secrets and mysteries of the Battle of Lake Peipsi
Alexander Nevsky, ice battle
Conclusion
There is one more important significance of the battle to be noted. After a long series of defeats, Mongol invasion and national humiliation, was a resounding victory was won. The significance of the Battle of the Ice is that in addition to military success, a significant psychological effect was achieved. From now on, Rus' realized that it was capable of defeating the most powerful enemy.
The Battle of the Ice is one of the greatest battles in Russian history, during which Prince of Novgorod Alexander Nevsky repelled the invasion of the knights of the Livonian Order on Lake Peipsi. For many centuries, historians have debated the details of this battle. Some points remain not entirely clear, including exactly how the Battle of the Ice took place. The diagram and reconstruction of the details of this battle will allow us to reveal the mystery of the mysteries of history associated with the great battle.
Background to the conflict
Beginning in 1237, when he announced the beginning of the next crusade In the lands of the eastern Baltic, between the Russian principalities on the one hand, and Sweden, Denmark and the German Livonian Order on the other, there was constant tension, which from time to time escalated into hostilities.
So, in 1240, Swedish knights led by Earl Birger landed at the mouth of the Neva, but the Novgorod army under the control of Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated them in a decisive battle.
In the same year he undertook offensive operation to Russian lands. His troops took Izborsk and Pskov. Assessing the danger, in 1241 she called Alexander back to reign, although she only recently expelled him. The prince gathered a squad and moved against the Livonians. In March 1242, he managed to liberate Pskov. Alexander moved his troops towards the possessions of the Order, towards the Bishopric of Dorpat, where the crusaders gathered significant forces. The parties prepared for the decisive battle.
The opponents met on April 5, 1242 on what was then still covered with ice. That is why the battle later acquired the name - Battle of the Ice. The lake at that time was frozen deep enough to support heavily armed warriors.
Strengths of the parties
The Russian army was of a rather scattered composition. But its backbone, undoubtedly, was the Novgorod squad. In addition, the army included the so-called “lower regiments”, which were brought by the boyars. The total number of Russian squads is estimated by historians at 15-17 thousand people.
The Livonian army was also varied. Its fighting backbone consisted of heavily armed knights led by Master Andreas von Velven, who, however, did not take part in the battle itself. Also included in the army were Danish allies and the militia of the city of Dorpat, which included a significant number of Estonians. The total number of the Livonian army is estimated at 10-12 thousand people.
Progress of the battle
Historical sources have left us rather meager information about how the battle itself unfolded. The battle on the ice began when the archers of the Novgorod army came forward and covered the line of knights with a hail of arrows. But the latter managed, using a military formation called a “pig,” to crush the shooters and break the center of the Russian forces.
Seeing this situation, Alexander Nevsky ordered the Livonian troops to be surrounded from the flanks. The knights were captured in a pincer movement. Their wholesale extermination by the Russian squad began. The order's auxiliary troops, seeing that their main forces were being defeated, fled. The Novgorod squad pursued the runners for more than seven kilometers. The battle ended in complete victory for the Russian forces.
This was the story of the Battle of the Ice.
Battle scheme
It is not without reason that the diagram below clearly demonstrates the military leadership gift of Alexander Nevsky and serves as an example of a well-executed military operation in Russian textbooks on military affairs.
On the map we clearly see the initial breakthrough of the Livonian army into the ranks of the Russian squad. It also shows the encirclement of the knights and the subsequent flight of the Order’s auxiliary forces, which ended the Battle of the Ice. The diagram allows you to build these events into a single chain and greatly facilitates the reconstruction of the events that took place during the battle.
Aftermath of the battle
After the Novgorod army won a complete victory over the forces of the crusaders, which was largely due to Alexander Nevsky, a peace agreement was signed in which the Livonian Order completely renounced its recent acquisitions on the territory of Russian lands. There was also an exchange of prisoners.
The defeat that the Order suffered in the Battle of the Ice was so serious that for ten years it licked its wounds and did not even think about a new invasion of Russian lands.
The victory of Alexander Nevsky is no less significant in the general historical context. After all, it was then that the fate of our lands was decided and the actual end was put to the aggression of the German crusaders in the eastern direction. Of course, even after this, the Order tried more than once to tear off a piece of Russian land, but never again did the invasion take on such a large-scale character.
Misconceptions and stereotypes associated with the battle
There is an idea that in many respects in the battle on Lake Peipus the Russian army was helped by the ice, which could not withstand the weight of the heavily armed German knights and began to fall under them. In fact, there is no historical confirmation of this fact. Moreover, according to the latest research, the weight of the equipment of the German knights and Russian knights participating in the battle was approximately equal.
German crusaders, in the minds of many people, which are primarily inspired by cinema, are heavily armed men-at-arms wearing helmets, often adorned with horns. In fact, the Order's charter prohibited the use of helmet decorations. So, in principle, the Livonians could not have any horns.
Results
Thus, we found out that one of the most important and significant battles in Russian history was the Battle of the Ice. The scheme of the battle allowed us to visually reproduce its course and determine the main reason for the defeat of the knights - the overestimation of their strength when they recklessly rushed to the attack.
Losses
Monument to the squads of A. Nevsky on Mount Sokolikha
The issue of the losses of the parties in the battle is controversial. The Russian losses are spoken of vaguely: “many brave warriors fell.” Apparently, the losses of the Novgorodians were really heavy. The losses of the knights are indicated by specific numbers, which cause controversy. Russian chronicles, followed by domestic historians, say that about five hundred knights were killed, and the miracles were “beschisla”; fifty “brothers,” “deliberate commanders,” were allegedly taken prisoner. Four hundred to five hundred killed knights is a completely unrealistic figure, since there was no such number in the entire Order.
According to the Livonian chronicle, for the campaign it was necessary to gather “many brave heroes, brave and excellent,” led by the master, plus Danish vassals “with a significant detachment.” The Rhymed Chronicle specifically says that twenty knights were killed and six were captured. Most likely, the “Chronicle” means only the “brothers”-knights, without taking into account their squads and the Chud recruited into the army. The Novgorod First Chronicle says that 400 “Germans” fell in the battle, 50 were taken prisoner, and “chud” is also discounted: “beschisla.” Apparently, they suffered really serious losses.
So, it is possible that 400 German cavalry soldiers (of which twenty were real “brothers” knights) actually fell on the ice of Lake Peipus, and 50 Germans (of which 6 “brothers”) were captured by the Russians. “The Life of Alexander Nevsky” claims that the prisoners then walked next to their horses during the joyful entry of Prince Alexander into Pskov.
The immediate site of the battle, according to the conclusions of the expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by Karaev, can be considered a section of Warm Lake, located 400 meters west of the modern shore of Cape Sigovets, between its northern tip and the latitude of the village of Ostrov. It should be noted that the battle on a flat surface of ice was more advantageous for the heavy cavalry of the Order, however, it is traditionally believed that the place for meeting the enemy was chosen by Alexander Yaroslavich.
Consequences
According to the traditional point of view in Russian historiography, this battle, together with the victories of Prince Alexander over the Swedes (July 15, 1240 on the Neva) and over the Lithuanians (in 1245 near Toropets, near Lake Zhitsa and near Usvyat), was of great importance for Pskov and Novgorod, delaying the onslaught of three serious enemies from the west - at the very time when the rest of Rus' suffered great losses from princely strife and the consequences of the Tatar conquest. In Novgorod, the Battle of the Germans on the Ice was remembered for a long time: together with the Neva victory over the Swedes, it was remembered in the litanies of all Novgorod churches back in the 16th century.
The English researcher J. Funnel believes that the significance of the Battle of the Ice (and the Battle of the Neva) is greatly exaggerated: “Alexander did only what numerous defenders of Novgorod and Pskov did before him and what many did after him - namely, rushed to protect the extended and vulnerable borders from invaders." Russian professor I.N. Danilevsky also agrees with this opinion. He notes, in particular, that the battle was inferior in scale to the battles of Siauliai (city), in which the Lithuanians killed the master of the order and 48 knights (20 knights died on Lake Peipsi), and the battle of Rakovor in 1268; Contemporary sources even describe the Battle of the Neva in more detail and give it greater significance. However, even in the “Rhymed Chronicle,” the Battle of the Ice is clearly described as a defeat of the Germans, unlike Rakovor.
Memory of the battle
Movies
Music
The score for Eisenstein's film, composed by Sergei Prokofiev, is a symphonic suite dedicated to the events of the battle.
Monument to Alexander Nevsky and Worship Cross
The bronze worship cross was cast in St. Petersburg at the expense of patrons of the Baltic Steel Group (A. V. Ostapenko). The prototype was the Novgorod Alekseevsky Cross. The author of the project is A. A. Seleznev. The bronze sign was cast under the direction of D. Gochiyaev by the foundry workers of NTCCT CJSC, architects B. Kostygov and S. Kryukov. When implementing the project, fragments from the lost wooden cross by sculptor V. Reshchikov were used.
Cultural and sports educational raid expedition
Since 1997, an annual raid expedition has been conducted to the sites of military feats of Alexander Nevsky's squads. During these trips, participants in the race help improve areas related to monuments of cultural and historical heritage. Thanks to them, memorial signs were installed in many places in the North-West in memory of the exploits of Russian soldiers, and the village of Kobylye Gorodishche became known throughout the country.
Notes
Literature
Links
- On the issue of writing the concept of the “Battle on the Ice” museum-reserve, Gdov, November 19-20, 2007.
- Place of the victory of Russian troops over German knights in 1242 // Monuments of history and culture of Pskov and Pskov region under state protection
