Objects of the natural environment are: Concept and classification of environmental objects

Objects of protection environment– these are components of the natural environment (land, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund, atmospheric air, ozone layer atmosphere, near-Earth outer space).

Objects of environmental protection are its components that are in an ecological relationship, relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by law, since they represent economic, environmental, recreational, demographic and aesthetic interest. Classified into three groups:

The earth, its bowels, waters, forests, fauna and atmospheric air.

Earth– a natural resource, an integral part of the biosphere, a necessary condition for the existence of life, the basis of any human activity, the surface covering the fertile layer of soil. The most valuable is agricultural. non-farming lands serve as the basis for the management and placement of other sectors of the national economy.

Bosom- part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths accessible for study and development, as well as the surface of the earth if it contains mineral reserves. Western Russian Federation "On subsoil".

Water– all water located in water bodies. The main task in using water is to ensure adequate drinking water supply, prevent pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic emissions. Water Code RF.

Forests and other vegetation– their function is to satisfy the needs for wood, oxygen production, recreation (restoring health by relaxing outside the home). Problems: cutting, littering, fires, reproduction of forests and other green spaces. Forest Code of the Russian Federation.

Fauna, animals, other organisms, their genetic fund. Federal Law 2 On the animal world." Microorganisms and microflora - microbes, bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae - are distinguishable only under a microscope and are found in soil, water, food products. The gene pool is a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations. Degradation of the natural environment => emergence of mutants.

Atmospheric air. Current problems: noise and radiation prevention. Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air". To this environmental protection object. environments adjacent ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

Natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subject to anthropogenic impact and are of global importance must be protected as a matter of priority.

Natural ecological system(Article 1 of the Federal Law on Environmental Protection) is an objectively existing part of the natural system, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living and nonliving elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by metabolism and energy.

Natural landscape – a territory that has not been subject to change as a result of economic and other activities and is characterized by a combination of certain types of terrain, soils, and vegetation formed under the same climatic conditions.

Natural complex – a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant characteristics.

Objects of special protection:

1. Sites included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List; reserves, national, natural and dendrological parks, reserves, botanical gardens, natural monuments, rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, plant and animal species, other organisms, their habitats, especially those listed in the Red Book, as well as the continental plume and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation,

   Medical and recreational areas and resorts, original habitats, places of traditional residence and households. activities of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance. Federal Law "On natural healing resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts."

Environmental protection concept

Environment is one of the most fundamental categories modern science and practices that stand on a par with such categories as peace, economics, society, democracy. The environment is the object of legal regulation of public relations regarding nature at both the national and international legislative levels.

Environmental protection is a system of measures that are aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions habitat and human activity.

Environmental protection is new form human interaction with nature. This form of interaction appeared in modern conditions and is a system of state and public measures that are aimed at the harmonious development and interaction of society and nature, the preservation of existing ecological communities and natural resources.

Note 1

The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, home air, soil and water. Environmental protection consists of preserving and restoring natural resources in order to prevent the negative impact of humans on nature and human health.

The problem of environmental protection has recently become one of the most important tasks, because recent years Irreversible changes in nature have begun to occur, which negatively affect human health. As a result of massive pollution of the natural environment, these problems have become international in nature and have grown into a problem for the entire planet.

Definition 1

Under environmental protection It is generally accepted to understand a set of international, state and regional measures to protect the environment, enshrined in legal acts, instructions and standards and bringing requirements to each specific polluter.

Environmental protection includes:

1. legal protection in the form of legal laws;
2. material incentives for environmental activities;
3. engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology.

In accordance with Russian legislation, the objects of environmental protection are (Fig. 1):

• land, subsoil, soil;
• waters: surface and underground;
• forests, plant and animal organisms and their gene pool;
• atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

Figure 1. Environmental protection objects

First of all, natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are protected.

Under special protection are objects included in the List of World Cultural Heritage and the List of World Natural Heritage, state nature reserves and sanctuaries, natural monuments and national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts, ancestral habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activities of indigenous peoples Russian Federation, objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health value, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare soils, forests, flora and fauna that are in danger of extinction.

Basic principles of environmental protection

The basic principles of environmental protection are:

• economic activities that have an impact on the environment. The subjects of this activity are government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects, bodies local government, legal entities and individuals;
• respect for human rights to a healthy environment;
• security favorable conditions for human life;
• combination of economic, environmental and social interests of the state, society and people with the goal of sustainable development of a favorable environment;
• rational use of natural resources, which is a necessary condition ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;
• responsibility of state authorities and local governments for ensuring environmental safety and creating a favorable environment;
• payment for environmental use, including compensation for environmental damage;
• independence of control in the field of environmental protection;
• mandatory environmental impact assessment certain activities when making decisions;
• taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of territories when carrying out economic activities on them;
• priority of conservation of natural ecological systems;
• respect for the rights of citizens to the reliability of information about the environment;
• liability for violation of environmental legislation;
• system development

Adopted on December 19, 1991, the RSFSR Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” marks a new stage in the development of Russian environmental legislation as legislation of a new generation.

The nature of the violation of the natural environment during the construction of the underground part of buildings and structures is varied, and this nature is significantly influenced by the type of work performed... Federal Law on Environmental Protection.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” contains the most general principles assessment and compensation for damage caused to the environment as a result of environmental violations.

Legal liability is a consequence of an environmental violation. Its concept is contained in the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment”.

Thus, the Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 was called “On the Protection of the Natural Environment.” Many domestic works correctly point out the incorrectness of the concept of “environment”.

IN general view The directions of economic incentives for environmental protection are defined in Art. 24 of the Law “On Environmental Protection”. They include: the establishment of tax and other benefits provided to government and other...

According to Art. 89 of the Law on Environmental Protection, when determining the amount of harm to the health of citizens, the necessary costs for restoring health, lost professional opportunities, costs associated with...

In this case, limits mean the standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances, provided for in Art. 27 of the Law “On Environmental Protection” and temporarily agreed standards (Article 45).

At the same time, the Law “On Environmental Protection” provides for compensation for damage caused to the health of citizens by adverse environmental influences (Article 89).

The RSFSR Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” distinguishes two types of environmental insurance - voluntary and compulsory state insurance of enterprises, as well as citizens, their property and income in case of environmental and...

The objects of legal protection of the environment are understood as its components that are in an ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by law, since they represent economic, environmental, recreational, demographic, and aesthetic interest. Objects of legal environmental protection can be classified into groups.

Earth, subsoil, waters

The first group of objects of legal protection consists of the main individual natural objects, of which there are six: land, its subsoil, water, forests, wildlife, atmospheric air (separate topics in a special part of the textbook are devoted to the analysis of their protection).

Underground refers to the surface covering the fertile layer of soil. The most valuable are agricultural lands intended for farming (arable land) and livestock raising.

They cannot be replaced by anything, are subject to wind and water erosion, clogging and pollution and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands make up 37% of all the country's lands, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, and the laying of power and communication lines.

Non-agricultural lands serve as a spatial operational basis for the management and location of other sectors of the national economy.

The subsoil is considered to be the part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths accessible for study and development. The subsoil also includes the surface of the earth if it contains mineral reserves. The main problems are complex use mineral resources due to their non-renewability and burial in the depths of waste, especially toxic ones. Legal regulation of the protection of subsoil is provided for by the Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil”.

Water – all the water found in water bodies, i.e. in the environment. The main task in using water is to ensure adequate drinking water supply, prevent pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges. The main regulatory legal act in this area is the VC.

Flora and fauna, atmospheric air

The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation. Their main function is to satisfy the needs for wood, produce oxygen (“lungs of the planet”), recreation, i.e. restoring health through rest outside the home. Problems: cutting, littering, fires, reproduction of forests and other green spaces. Basic legal regulation of protection, rational use and forest protection are carried out by the norms of LK.

Fauna, animals, other organisms in a free state, their genetic fund are also objects of legal environmental protection. Their protection is carried out Federal law"About the animal world."

Microorganisms, or microflora, are microbes, mainly simple creatures - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, visible only under a microscope, found in soil, water, food products, and the human body. Science ceases to divide them into useful and pathogenic - in an ecological relationship, they are part of the environment and therefore subject to study.

The genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations. Degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the appearance of mutants, i.e. individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.

A unique object of protection is the atmospheric air in which natural environment, surrounding a person. Modern pressing problems are considered to be the prevention of harmful pollution, noise and radiation - specific effects on humans transmitted mainly through atmospheric air. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”.

Adjacent to this environmental protection object are the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which can be polluted by aircraft and the discharge of harmful substances from them. Scientific and technological progress now makes it possible to control their condition and quality, identify polluting states, and influence them through legal means.

Subject, methods and system of environmental law.

Subject – social relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature.

Two groups of relations:

1. Sectoral - relations on the protection and use of subsoil lands, forests, waters, wildlife and atmospheric air;

2. Integrated – for the protection and use of natural complexes in their entirety (reserves, sanctuaries, valuable and specially protected natural areas, sanitary zones, recreational areas (rest)).

Method is a way of influencing public environmental relations. Methods:

1. Administrative-legal – based on the relationship of power and subordination and based on the unequal position of the parties (any manufacturing plant in the course of its activities emits into the atmospheric air harmful substances, but this right is not natural, but is exercised on the basis of a permit issued by the authorized state. authority, which indicates the volume of emissions, period, amount of payment, etc.);

2. Civil law - based on the equality of the parties and on economic instruments of regulation (an agreement for the use of a certain natural resource (a forest lease agreement) can be concluded between a specially authorized state body and an economic entity (a forest lease agreement) in which the parties have approximately the same rights and obligations and are regulated such relations of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);

3. Greening - all other areas of legislation must comply with currently established environmental rules, norms, regulations, etc.

A system is a set of its institutions located in a certain sequence, in accordance with environmental laws.

Environmental law in three qualities: 1) as a branch of law; 2) as a science; 3) as an academic discipline.

Like science and academic discipline The electronic signature consists of general, special and special parts.

General – concept, subject, method, sources, objects of protection, ownership of natural resources, state. management, environmental assessment, audit, certification, supervision, control, responsibility, etc.;

Special – use and protection of individual resources or complexes;

Special – EP in foreign countries and international electronic signature.

As an industry, electronic law consists of subsystems: environmental and natural resource law.

The first studies: general provisions, goals and objectives of protection, basic principles of protection, environmental rights of citizens, economic mechanism of environmental protection, regulation in this area, dispute resolution, responsibility, international cooperation, etc.;

The second consists of: land, water, forest, mountain, faunal and air protection rights.

Each of the resource industries has general and special parts.

Environmental protection objects.

Objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impacts of economic and other activities are:

1.Classical objects: lands, subsoil, soils; surface and groundwater; forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund; atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2.Priority: natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subject to anthropogenic impact.

3. The following are subject to special protection: sites included in the World Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biospheres, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts, other natural complexes , original habitat, places of traditional residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, rare or located soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats are under threat of extinction.

Measures to protect natural objects subject to special protection:

Specially protected natural areas are created for objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance. The lands of such objects are not subject to privatization.

State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, form a natural reserve fund, the seizure of land from which is prohibited.

Economic and other activities that provide negative impact on the environment and leading to degradation and destruction of such natural objects.

In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation are established. Objects included in them are subject to removal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature gene banks, as well as in artificially created habitats.

The green fund of urban settlements, rural settlements is a set of territories on which forests and other plantings are located, including green zones, forest park areas, and other green areas within the boundaries of these settlements. Its protection provides for a system of measures to ensure the preservation and development of the green fund and necessary to normalize the environmental situation and create a favorable environment. Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on it and interfere with its implementation of environmental, sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions are prohibited on its territory.

Rare and endangered soils are subject to state protection, and in order to record and protect them, the Red Book of Soils of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established.