Punctuation(from lat. punctum - point) is a section of the Russian language that studies punctuation, as well as the punctuation system itself. Punctuation in Russian serves in order to convey as accurately as possible in writing what the author wanted to express. Punctuation rules created in order to regulate the intonation structure of speech, as well as syntactic and semantic relationships in the language.
We all remember the greatness and power of our language. This means not only its lexical richness, but also its flexibility. This also applies to punctuation - there are both strict rules and guidelines that depend on the situation, stylistic features and meaning of the text.
Punctuation in Russian speech achieved through punctuation. Punctuation marks- This graphic symbols, necessary to convey the intonation and meaning of the sentence, as well as to arrange certain accents in speech.
In Russian there are the following punctuation marks:
1) End of sentence marks: period, question mark and exclamation mark;
2) Sentence separation marks: comma, dash, colon and semicolon;
3) Signs highlighting individual parts of a sentence: quotes and parentheses.
I came home late. Why is the bedroom light still on? That's right, she was waiting for me! “Back at work again?” - she asked tiredly. The apartment smelled of medicine (she probably drank valerian tincture so as not to worry), so I tried to calm her down and go to bed as soon as possible. All the events of that day flashed before my eyes: a scandal at work; a reprimand from the boss who unfairly blamed me for what happened; walking through the city at night in thought.
Punctuation marks can be repeated and combined. For example, the use of a question mark and an exclamation mark at the same time indicates that we have rhetorical question(a question that does not require an answer or the answer to which everyone already knows):
Who knew that everything would happen exactly like this?!
How long?!
Can also be combined comma and dash. This combination allows you to connect different values:
A cool wind blew, it became dark in the forest, and a summer village evening was approaching.
This combination of punctuation marks can also be explained by the use different designs, for example, references in a sentence with a dash between the subject and the predicate:
You, brother, are the dearest person left on earth for me.
Despite the fact that in the Russian language there are cases when there are no strict rules for the use of certain punctuation marks, even in such cases there are certain recommendations. For example, are there such cases basic punctuation, that is, one that is given preference. For example, the main punctuation mark when using inserted structures is parentheses:
After yesterday's downpour, all of us (except Anna, who happened to have a raincoat) fell ill with a cold.
In this case, it is possible to highlight the inserted structure using a dash (a minor punctuation mark in this case):
He sat down thoughtfully on the bench - it was wet after the rain - and thought about what happened today.
All punctuation rules and punctuation rules we will look in more detail in subsequent articles.
Punctuation marks are graphic (written) signs needed to divide text into sentences and convey in writing the structural features of sentences and their intonation.
Russian punctuation marks include: 1) period, question mark, exclamation mark - these are the end of sentence marks; 2) a comma, a dash, a colon, a semicolon - these are signs for separating parts of a sentence; 3) brackets, quotation marks (“double” signs) highlight individual words or parts of a sentence; for this purpose, commas and dashes are used as paired signs; if the construction being highlighted is at the beginning or end of a sentence, one comma or dash is used: I was bored in the village like a locked puppy (T.); In addition to rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchera region (Paust.); - Hey, where are you going, mom? - And there, - home, son (Tv.); 4) a special ellipsis sign, “semantic”; it can be placed at the end of a sentence to indicate the special significance of what was said or in the middle to convey confused, difficult or excited speech: - What is dinner? Prose. Here is the moon, the stars... (Acute); -Father, don't shout. I will also say... well, yes! You're right... But your truth is narrow for us... - Well, yes! You... you! How... you were educated... and I'm a fool! And you... (M.G.).
Combinations of signs convey a special, complex meaning. Thus, the use of question marks and exclamation marks together forms a rhetorical question (i.e., a strengthened affirmation or negation) with emotional coloring: Who among us hasn’t thought about war?! Of course, everyone thought (Sim.); A scoundrel and a thief, in a word. And marry such a person?! Live with him?! I'm surprised! (Ch.). Compound different meanings can be achieved by combining a comma and a dash as a single sign: A black horseman rode by, swinging in the saddle, - the horseshoes struck two blue sparks from the stone (M. G.); The sky cleared above the forest - the pale sun poured onto the gray bell towers of Beloomut (Paust.) - grammatical uniformity, enumeration is conveyed by a comma, and with the help of a dash the meaning of the consequence-result is emphasized. More often they can be placed side by side, each according to its own rule, for example, a dash in a non-union complex sentence after a comma, conveying isolation: cf.: You, brother, are a battalion (Tv.) - the dash is used according to the rule “a dash between the subject and the predicate (before the linking particle is)”, and the address is highlighted with commas.
Options for using punctuation marks are provided for by punctuation rules. If different signs are allowed, then usually one of them is the main one, that is, it is given priority. Thus, inserted structures are usually distinguished by brackets: After a few days, the four of us (not counting the all-seeing and omnipresent boys) became such friends that the four of us went almost everywhere (Paust.). It is allowed to highlight an insert using two dashes: And in mid-May there was a thunderstorm and such downpour that a whole river of yellow water was rolling violently along the street - it was not flat, but sloping - (S.-C.). For brackets this use is the main one, and for a dash it is one of many and secondary.
Options for the use of signs are provided for by the rules for the design of complex non-union sentences, for example, when explaining or motivating, a dash is used instead of the main colon sign: Separation is illusory - we will be together soon (Ahm.). When isolating definitions and applications, along with commas, dashes can be used: The sea - gray, wintry, inexpressibly gloomy - roared and rushed behind the thin sides, like Niagara (Paust.); Colored autumn - the evening of the year - smiles brightly at me (Marsh.). Possible selection separate definitions and applications with two signs - a comma and a dash - at the same time: A calm, courageous whistle flew in - an oceanic one, in three tones (Paust.). Options for placing signs are also allowed by some other rules (in particular, commas and semicolons in complex non-union proposal, comma and exclamation mark when addressing, exclamation mark and question mark with exclamation point when rhetorical question etc.).
Variation also manifests itself in the possibility of using or not using signs in some other cases, for example, some introductory words are inconsistently highlighted: indeed, in fact, first of all, predominantly; they can be emphasized together with the attached noun.
Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009
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K. G. Paustovsky told such a story in his book “Golden Rose”. In his youth he worked for the Odessa newspaper “Sailor”. The writer Andrei Sobol also collaborated with this newspaper at that time. One day he brought his story to the editorial office - “torn, confused, although interesting in topic and, of course, talented.” It was impossible to print it in this form. The newspaper's proofreader, Blagov, stepped in to help. He promised to “go through the manuscript,” but not to change a single word in it. The next morning Paustovsky read the story. “It was transparent, flowing prose. Everything became convex and clear. Not a shadow remained of the former crumpledness and verbal confusion. In fact, not a single word was deleted or added.”
Of course, you guessed what happened? Yes, the proofreader simply placed all the punctuation marks correctly, and especially carefully - points and paragraphs. That's all.
The fact is that punctuation marks carry writing a special function - semantic. With their help, the writer expresses certain meanings and shades, and the reader perceives and understands these meanings and shades. And since all writers act as readers and vice versa, punctuation marks are the same for all literate speakers of the Russian language. According to linguist A. B. Shapiro, every rule about punctuation marks is, as it were, a point of agreement between the writer and the reader.
Now that Internet users constantly communicate in writing, the need to convey messages accurately and concisely increases, and it is punctuation that helps the author “put” the information in the text in the most understandable way.
What, besides school rules, do you need to know about punctuation marks in order to be adequately understood? Not much really.
In its own way roles in writing all punctuation marks are divided into three groups: signs completions, dividing And excretory. These names are “talking”.
Completion marks ( period, exclamation mark, question mark, ellipsis) are placed at the end of sentences, complete their.
Separators ( comma, semicolon, colon, dash) – separate semantic segments within a sentence from each other (homogeneous members, parts complex sentence), they are placed on the border these semantic segments, share their.
And the punctuation marks ( two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks) allocate one semantic segment inside another or inside a sentence. The participial and participial phrases, single gerunds, addresses, introductory words and sentences). By the way, if you know this, you will never put only one comma when participial phrase: we need it highlight commas, which means there should be two of them, on both sides - at the beginning and at the end.
And finally, check yourself. Determine the function of punctuation marks in this sentence. One day (it was, it seems, in 2003) I received a strange letter: it was in a crumpled yellow envelope, without a return address, handwritten, illegible.
Answer. In this sentence completion sign– point; separators– commas between homogeneous members sentences and colons between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence; excretory marks– two commas highlighting introductory word Seems, and two brackets highlighting the inserted sentence.
Punctuation is a collection of rules about punctuation marks. Punctuation marks (punctuation - “stop, break”) are signs that are placed between words or groups of words in written speech.
Punctuation, like spelling, forms part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound meanings in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the statement. (Shapiro A.B. Modern Russian language.)
“Punctuation marks are notes when reading” - this is how A.P. characterized it. Chekhov punctuation in one of his letters dated 1888. Punctuation marks are an important means of formatting written speech, since with their help the semantic division of speech occurs. Unlike spelling, the rules of which are based on the phonetic and morphological structure of each language, punctuation is largely international in nature. Punctuation was invented by the typographers the Manutius brothers in the mid-15th century. and in its main features was accepted by the majority of the peoples of Europe.
There are 10 punctuation marks in modern Russian: period, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, colon, semicolon, comma, dash, double dash, parentheses.
Quotation marks can also be considered punctuation marks. In addition, spaces between words, a red line (beginning of a paragraph) and other graphic aids are used to read the text.
According to their function, punctuation marks are divided into two groups: dividing(separating) and excretory.
TO punctuation marks include: period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, ellipsis, colon, dash. Separating marks, as a rule, are single-functional (except for the comma and dash); they are used to separate one segment of speech from another and always act as single characters.
Example:
The years greet us with an inviting trumpet. The blood pulsates incessantly... Self-giving is giving oneself to people, calling, duty. If others need your life, isn’t that luck! May self-giving always, at all times, prevail! (Ya. Tatyanicheva)
Distinctive punctuation marks- these are double (paired) signs. These include: parentheses, quotation marks, double dashes, double commas. With the help of these signs, various segments and semantic units of speech are distinguished.
Example:
They say: “Your line is simple!” - Simple, but not robbed! It is like a berry from a bush, picked by your hand. (L. Tatyanicheva)
Many punctuation marks are multifunctional and multi-valued. In addition to the function of breaking up text, punctuation marks can have other functions. So, they can be used in a differentiating function.
Example:
Our task tomorrow is to pass the exam; Our task is to pass the exam tomorrow.
The use of punctuation marks, as well as the rules of Russian spelling, is regulated by the “Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation” adopted in 1956.
The rules of Russian punctuation are based on three basic principles: logical (semantic), structural-syntactic and intonation.
F.I. Buslaev, a representative of the logical trend in Russian grammar, defined the purpose of punctuation marks this way: “Since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have a dual purpose:
1) promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another,
2) express the feeling of the speaker’s face and his attitude towards the listener...” F.I. Buslaev also noted that the system of punctuation marks in the Russian language is based “not only on grammatical analysis, but also on the rules of rhetorical presentation of thoughts.”
Thus, punctuation marks help to divide the text into parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing (semantic division), make the semantic structure of speech clear, highlighting individual sentences and their parts (syntactic division), serve to indicate intonation design, as well as to indicate phrasal intonation, rhythm and melody of the phrase.
It must be borne in mind that some punctuation rules reflect only the structural and syntactic principle (for example, the placement of punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence), others - the semantic and intonation principle (for example, the placement of punctuation marks for isolated members); Still others are based on all three principles (for example, placing a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence).
Unlike spelling rules, punctuation rules allow, along with the mandatory placement of punctuation marks, their optional use.
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Punctuation is a branch of the science of language that studies the norms of use of punctuation marks. Punctuation marks gradually developed in the history of the Russian language and acquired modern look only by the nineteenth century. Ancient writings also used punctuation marks, but they were very different from modern ones. For example, a period was used in the middle of a line. The period corresponded to the modern comma. The quarter dot, or “imaginary cross,” corresponded to the dot. Moreover, in ancient times texts were written together, letter by letter. Since the 15th century, separate spelling has become increasingly common; a punctuation mark appears that we also use, but for us it is an “empty space,” that is, a space. Ancient scribes characterized it as follows: “Ice is moving apart, or parting, or breaking through. And it is placed in the Divine Scriptures in the lines between the words (words), the hollow space is moved apart, so that the words do not become intertwined.” The punctuation also included a sign of transference, or end-transfer; according to Meletiy Smotritsky - “unit”, which goes “from line to line”, not dividing, but connecting the word. In Church Slavonic, punctuation marks are very similar to modern ones. Only the question mark differs from modern punctuation marks. In Church Slavonic graphics it is a punctuational Greekism.
In modern linguistics, punctuation is a science, a linguistic discipline about punctuation marks, their composition, meanings and rules for their use. Punctuation is also understood as a set of punctuation marks. The term punctuation comes from the Latin word “punctum”, which means “point”. Punctuation, therefore, literally means “the science of dots.” The word punctuation as part of the term punctuation marks is of original Russian origin. Outside of this term, it means “obstacle.” Comma and punctuation are words of the same root. The main and most significant difference between punctuation marks and other writing signs is functional: punctuation marks do not indicate speech sounds and are not part of “written” words. In relation to words, writing signs are generally divided into three main groups: 1) intra-word - letters 2) “word” signs - numbers 3) inter-word - these are precisely punctuation marks.
How many punctuation marks are there in Russian? The ten punctuation marks are as follows: periods, commas, colons, ellipses, semicolons, ellipses, dashes, question marks, exclamation marks, parentheses, and quotation marks. The following signs are added to them: a single bracket: for example: 1)... 2)... or a)... b)... etc.) ; a footnote sign, usually in the form of an asterisk (*) (this sign is also called an asterix, from the Greek Aster - “star”). Following the paragraph, other signs of text division are sometimes included in punctuation marks: chapters, various kinds spaces, etc., but this is not yet widely accepted. Separately, it is necessary to say about the hyphen. First of all, it must be strictly distinguished from a dash: they differ in style (the hyphen is 2-3 times shorter: (-), (--) and functionally: the dash is exclusively a punctuation sign, and the hyphen has 2 or 3 different functions. Main the function of the hyphen is orthographic: it forms a semi-continuous spelling of some words: in our opinion, in an adult way, someone, someone, someone, firstly, secondly, etc., within the limits of spelling the hyphen; is used as a sign for transferring words from one line to another: se-stra, sister-tra or sister-ra. But a hyphen can also be a punctuation sign - it can stand between the defined noun and a single application: Masha-rezvushka, Anika-warrior, Western cheat. , old fisherman, old mother, spring beauty, Ossetian cab driver, etc.
Recently, in some scientific texts, a single oblique line—a fractional bar—has often begun to be used in the meaning of the conjunction or, in particular when dividing the conjunctions and, or: and/or, i.e. Next comes the text, which can either be attached to the previous text or be in a divisive relationship with it. The fractional line in this meaning is also a punctuation mark. This function also uses parentheses. Let's give an example of such brackets: Chapters and paragraphs in books have, as a rule, “an independent number and (or) title” (according to the Dictionary of Publishing Terms). Instead of parentheses, you can use a slash here; “independent number and/or title.” The fractional slash is listed in the Morse code symbol system. In general, the following “alphabet” of punctuation marks is obtained (pay attention to the order in which they are listed):
- dot (.),
- colon (:),
- ellipses (….),
- semicolon (;),
- comma (,),
- commas (,),
- quotation marks: a) paws (“,”) b) Christmas trees (“”),
- question mark (?),
- exclamation mark (!),
- hyphen or dash (in punctuation role) (--),
- dash (--),
- double dash (---),
- slash (/),
- bracket ()),
- brackets: (),
- footnotes (*),
- paragraph, or indentation.
