Any construction is considered complete when turnkey finishing work is completed. This means that it has been carried out exterior decoration of the house, its façade, interior decoration in accordance with the intended design and the necessary utilities have been installed. In most cases, it is the finishing of the facade of a building that gives it a presentable appearance, regardless of the type of house and materials used in construction.

1.What is finishing work?

In general, construction and finishing work is a complex of works through which the following is carried out:

• Decorative design of the facade of a building or room
• Protection of the structures from which the building is constructed from the influence of the external environment (especially in the Chelyabinsk region)
• Thermal insulation of buildings and individual rooms
• Soundproofing - both the house as a whole and individual rooms
• Providing the home with essentials engineering communications, such as plumbing, electrical wiring, ventilation, heated floors, Internet, etc.

Carrying out finishing works occupies a fairly significant place in the overall cycle of building construction and renovation of individual premises.

As a rule, repair and finishing work is carried out by specialists, since each type of finishing has its own nuances, and they can only be mastered with extensive experience.

In Chelyabinsk you can find a lot of companies engaged in finishing facades and premises. However, some types of work are quite within the capabilities of any craftsman.

2. Rough and finishing construction and finishing works

Draft or preliminary work for finishing or repair and finishing. For example, plastering walls brickwork can be carried out externally and internally. In the first case, plastering may be sufficient for final finishing facade of the house, in the second case, subsequent plastering of the walls is necessary. But this can also be considered rough work if wallpaper is then glued to the walls.

The same applies to communications - drilling holes, tapping walls for electrical wiring, pouring concrete screed for flooring, filling holes in walls or plastering the slopes of window openings.

3.Types of finishing work

There are several main types of finishing, regardless of rough or fine:

1. Plastering works
2. Painting works
3. Floor screed
4. Glazing
5. Cladding of buildings and premises
6. Wallpapering
7. Electrical installation
8. Installation of plumbing, heating systems, etc.
9. Flooring
10. Ceiling installation

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Plastering work is the application of special solutions to the surface, which harden and make the coating smooth, protected from external influences and suitable for final decoration. They are used at almost every stage of finishing, both external and internal. The roughest is plastering the outside of the house facade (for example, under siding), leveling the walls, preparing for putty, etc. For rough plastering work, the most common use is conventional cement-sand mortar, as the most inexpensive material. However, for each type of plastering work, depending on its complexity, a lot of ready-made mixtures are produced today.

The same applies to putty, with the help of which walls and other surfaces of the building are prepared for finishing. Sometimes the putty itself is already a finishing touch, for example, when applying decorative plaster.

When plastering and puttying work is carried out with special tools - a trowel, trowel, grout, falcon, etc. In principle, this is the simplest type of finishing work that anyone can master to save money.

Painting work is the application of paint, varnish or other decorative coatings to the surfaces being treated (walls, ceilings, floors).

These works, as a rule, are also subject to the master who knows how to hold tools in his hands - a paint brush, roller, or spray gun. The main thing is accuracy.

You also need to be able to properly prepare the surface for painting - remove chips, scratches, apply special compounds so that the finish coating is high-quality and durable.

In addition, you need to pay attention to the fact that painting work is considered the most toxic among other finishing works and requires caution and special equipment.

Concrete work that requires considerable physical training includes: screed floor - that is, leveling it for final finishing with boards or laminate.

Typically, the solution for pouring floors is prepared from dry mixtures, which today are produced in large assortment. For mixing, as in carrying out plastering work, mixtures are used with special construction mixers.

More complex procedures include glazing of facades and premises. You need to have the necessary skills, the ability to use a glass cutter, and treat the work carefully to avoid injuries. However, modern houses today are most often equipped plastic windows, the installation of which is best entrusted to specialists from the relevant companies.

Cladding work is usually the most creative part of construction. They include the installation of siding and various decorative coatings both outside, facade, and inside the building. Cladding can include mosaics, which give any surface a special aesthetic appearance, or tile stickers, which are absolutely necessary in rooms with high humidity - bathrooms, toilets, and kitchens.

The most common type of interior decoration is wallpapering. Today there are a huge variety of them in types, colors, textures. Production technology modern wallpaper, their types of walls today allow even a not very skilled person to carry out gluing; the main thing is to follow all the instructions and carry out the work carefully.

Electrical installations play a special role in the decoration of houses and premises. It is better to entrust this type of work to specialists - to eliminate injuries and so that, as they say, “everything works.”

Particularly labor-intensive procedures include installation of plumbing, heating and ventilation systems, and installation of heated floors. As a rule, these works are also entrusted to specialists, but you can master them yourself if you wish. This will save money during repairs and construction; it is only advisable to read the relevant training manuals.

You can also carry out finishing flooring yourself. The main thing is that the floor surface is perfectly flat. Modern views linoleum, laminate, parquet boards allow you to lay the floor quite quickly.

Finishing the ceiling usually comes down to plastering, puttying and sometimes painting. There are no particular difficulties when carrying out such work. However, today they are widespread stretch ceiling, the installation of which is still best left to specialists.

4.Materials used in finishing work

We looked at the main types repair and finishing works and have already mentioned some materials for their implementation. They can be broadly classified into:

• Dry mixtures for putty, plaster, screed
• Paints and varnishes - primers, paints, dry pigments, drying oil
• Plain or painted glass
• Floorboards, parquet, laminate, linoleum
• Electrical wires, electrical installation materials
• Plumbing, pipes.

5.Conclusion

Thus, finishing work is a very important and necessary stage of any construction and renovation.

As a rule, the cost of finishing can reach a third of the cost of the entire turnkey construction of a house. However, you can save money at any stage - if you choose the right organizations, order turnkey finishing works, or master certain types of work yourself.

In Chelyabinsk, many companies are engaged in finishing the facades of houses and renovating premises. Quality work can be carried out in our company "K-Dom".

In any case, the finishing process itself will bring you moral satisfaction - to admire the fruits of your own labor or investment Money. And the more soul and money you put into it, the happier the result will be for you.

Not everyone knows that the concept of finishing work is very capacious and carries many differences when carrying out planned cosmetic repairs premises and during the final stage of construction, which, perhaps, will be akin to a comprehensive renovation.

In order to successfully cope with the task of finishing a room, you should first of all become familiar with the correct sequence of its implementation. Namely, timely carry out work on arranging waterproofing and insulation, then create the necessary conditions for indoor work in terms of temperature regime and only after that proceed directly to the finishing itself.

To implement it, there are options when the owner of the apartment plans to do all the work with his own hands, or he turns to professionals for the provision of such services. Of course, doing the work yourself will help you save a lot, but for this it would be nice to have certain skills in this area. Hiring specialists will cost more because in addition to this, you will bear the cost of purchasing the materials necessary for finishing, however, impeccable quality performance will be guaranteed.

A flawless finish requires careful planning

First of all, when approaching the issue of decorating a room, you should clearly decide what kind of room it should be. There is no need to rush into this. When everything is weighed and understood, you can convey your wishes to the specialists, who from that moment on will begin transforming your home.

Such work requires a competent approach to obtain a high-quality result. And this is nothing more than planning. Taking into account all your wishes, specialists will draw up a step-by-step action plan and work schedule. In addition, all necessary calculations will be made finishing materials, which should be purchased in full, which will significantly speed up the work process. Also, having previously familiarized the customer with the list of services, company representatives draw up an estimate for finishing work. After agreeing on all organizational issues The repair itself begins.

Finishing works: what do they include?

When, for example, redevelopment is planned in an apartment, then first of all, according to its plan, everything should be carried out necessary work for demolition and construction of wall partitions. The ceiling and walls often require a leveling procedure, after which they can be decorated. Then you should tackle the floor. As a rule, before laying the selected finishing option, the floor must also be leveled with a concrete screed.

Having thus prepared the room for the final finishing works, which will finally transform it externally and add functionality, you can directly tackle them.

Step-by-step plan for interior decoration

Before starting the mechanism of decorative finishing of the room, you should make sure that all the main construction work has been completed, the installation of communications and pipelines has been carried out in accordance with all the necessary requirements, and the procedure for leveling all surfaces has been carried out.

• Ceiling. Its finishing largely depends on your taste preferences or the designer’s ideas. Today, stretch ceilings are quite popular, which provide a lot of options for interior design, being multi-layered, multi-colored or single-color glossy with the wonderful possibility of arranging various lighting fixtures in them. Also popular are dropped ceilings from plasterboard. Painted and whitewashed ceiling coverings also do not give up their positions.
• Walls. They are usually decorated with wallpaper, of which there are so many on the market today that it is difficult to list. This universal finishing material, having many years of traditions of using finishing, constantly improving, is able to offer many original options finishing. This includes liquid wallpaper and paintable wallpaper, textile and metallized. In addition, modern materials are easy to care for and durable.
• Floor. Modern market also offers numerous flooring options that are distinguished by their excellent quality, durability and remarkable aesthetic characteristics. A huge selection of laminate, parquet, linoleum, carpet or ceramic tiles for kitchen areas and bathrooms will depend only on your taste preferences and financial capabilities.

It is equally important to adequately decorate the façade of the building after completing the interior decoration. There are also quite a lot of possibilities and popular materials for this. One of the most popular cladding options today is plastic siding, since its cost is not too high, and the result looks great. For those who want to give respectability to their home, we can recommend cladding using decorative rock or ceramics.

When choosing finishing, both internal and external, you probably shouldn’t focus on saving money. After all, modern materials are durable, which means that you won’t have to replace them very often. However, their choice will determine what impression you will make on others.

Building a house is a very important process, on which the reliability of operation in the future depends. Such work should only be carried out by specialists who have experience in performing it at each stage.

Very important role Finishing work plays a role in this, which is carried out almost upon completion of the main type of construction. This process has its own characteristics that every master should take into account during its implementation.

Main characteristics

Finishing work is the process of finishing both internal and external surfaces buildings to protect them from external influences. Such procedures combine not only protection, but also heat and sound insulation of walls.

This is a complex procedure that has its own distinctive features for each type of process. Completely different types of materials can be used here, from plaster to tiles and other products.

When performing such work, you should adhere to basic safety rules and use products that are non-toxic to humans. This factor is very important and plays a practically decisive role in the selection of materials.

Main types of finishing work

Since these processes can be performed for different types surfaces, experts identify several types:

1. Glass work involves the final glazing of a building to limit external influences on the interior of the house. This process can be carried out both inside the building and outside, depending on the type of structure.
2. Plastering work involves applying mortars on all major building components (walls, ceilings, etc.). For such purposes, several types of plasters can be used, which have different properties and purposes.
3. Cladding is a procedure for covering surfaces with special materials (tiles, plywood, etc.).
4. Painting works. This procedure does not require application to all types of surfaces. various types paint solutions to protect the base substance.
5. Wallpapering is a fairly simple type of work, but it is often carried out to obtain decorative effect in a buiding.

All these types of processes may or may not be performed, depending on the specific type of building. There are many types of materials that are used to solve these problems and obtain high-quality coatings.

The features of one of the operations included in the finishing work can be seen in this video:

Finishing work is the final stage of construction or renovation of buildings. They are performed in order to protect the structure of the house from the influence of the external environment, to create comfortable conditions residence, give the house a completed look.

Finishing is carried out both inside (interior finishing work) and outside of buildings (exterior finishing work). Finishing materials must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, withstand destructive mechanical influences, and retain their original appearance for a long time.

Construction of a house or its major renovation includes rough and fine finishing. Rough finishing includes work on leveling the surfaces of ceilings, walls, and floors; installation, if necessary, of a “warm floor” system; installation of heating, water supply and sewerage systems; laying electrical wiring; installation of window and door units, all types of glazing.

Finishing (finishing) finishing is carried out after rough finishing. This includes the following types of work:

• Installation of plumbing.
• Laying ceramic tiles.
• Final finishing of ceilings and walls - finishing plaster and putty, painting, wallpapering, finishing with decorative panels and artificial stone and other design work.
• Installation of finishing flooring.
• Installation of sockets, switches, installation of hanging furniture and other actions to decorate a house or apartment.

Finishing completes the construction or renovation of a house; after its completion, the housing is ready for occupancy and permanent residence.

Main types of finishing work

Depending on the purpose and technological operations, finishing work is classified into plastering, glass, painting, tiling, wallpapering and finishing floor coverings.

Glass works

Glazing of external windows and doorways buildings are produced at the first stage of rough finishing. Most operations on interior decoration premises cannot be completed without installing windows and doors, since plaster and painting compounds, wallpaper and other finishing materials interior work not intended for use in drafty conditions and high humidity.

Glazing is done different ways, but in modern construction As a rule, they install ready-made double-glazed windows made in the factory. To install glass blocks, it is better to invite a specialized team of workers.

Plastering works

Plastering facades, interior walls, ceilings are an essential part of the finishing work.

Plaster is applied to protect building surfaces from the effects of the external environment and heat loss, as well as to level the bases for final finishing.

Plastering work can be divided into two types: wet and dry plastering. Wet or monolithic plaster is the application of solutions of various plaster mixtures to the surface in order to level or obtain relief decorative surfaces. Nowadays they produce a lot of dry putty and plaster mixtures, which only need to be diluted with water before application. According to their composition they are:

• Regular. They consist of a binder and fillers and are used to level and eliminate differences in the base before subsequent finishing.
• Specialized. They contain special additives and have certain properties - soundproofing, waterproof, frost-resistant, heat-insulating and others.
• Decorative. They not only level the surface, but also give it an original relief and color.

Dry plaster is called plasterboard sheets, with the help of which they carry out interior decoration of walls, ceilings, and install partitions between rooms. Drywall looks good in the interior, but it is not recommended to use it for outdoor work, since the material does not have the necessary resistance to atmospheric agents.

Painting works

Painting work is the painting of surfaces for the purposes of protection from the external environment, ensuring sanitary and hygienic requirements, and improving appearance. Painting paints are made on a water or non-aqueous basis.

In the first case, coloring pigments are bound with cement, glue, lime, liquid glass; in the second - synthetic resins, bitumen, drying oils, and other natural or synthetic materials. Various solvents give paints the required consistency.

The qualitative characteristics of the binder determine the type of paint: oil, adhesive, synthetic. Adhesive paints are generally used for internal surfaces buildings, oil - for painting facades, wet rooms, metal structures. Synthetic, water-based, silicate paint compositions are universal and suitable for any surface.

The painting technology consists of several operations: cleaning surfaces from uneven areas, removing dirt and dust, filling, applying primer, and painting in several layers.

Cladding works

Cladding work consists of finishing facades, external and internal walls, ceilings and floors with ceramic tiles, siding panels, ceramic and natural granite, artificial and natural stone and other facing materials.

The cladding technology depends on the characteristics of the surface and the properties of the material. The general rules for cladding are:

• High adhesion (adhesion to the surface). This quality is ensured by the correct selection of adhesive composition and compliance with installation conditions for a specific material.
• No voids underneath facing material To do this, you need to level the base well and apply the adhesive mixture evenly.
• No cracks, chips, irregularities, or residues of frozen mortar.
• The seams are equal in width and perpendicular to each other. The cladding is carried out using levels and other devices that allow the finishing material to be laid evenly.

Cladding work begins with the upper surfaces (ceilings, walls), and then proceeds to the arrangement of floor coverings. The exception is sanitary facilities - bathrooms, showers, toilets, garages. In conditions of high humidity, condensation forms on the walls, and water can penetrate the joints of the floors. Therefore, in such rooms, floor tiles are laid first.

Wallpaper sticker

Wallpapering the walls is the final stage of finishing the premises, with the exception of painting or varnishing the floors. The finishing materials market is saturated with roll materials of various textures, colors and quality characteristics. Let's look at the most popular ones.

Paper wallpaper

A common type of wallpaper, the cheapest and easiest to apply. Single-layer wallpaper (simplex) and two-layer (duplex) are available. Most often they have a smooth texture, but they also come with embossed images. Paper wallpaper is an environmentally friendly material, but it is afraid of moisture, fades, and absorbs odors. Typically used in living rooms.

Non-woven wallpaper

They are made from non-woven dense fabrics. Much stronger paper wallpaper, are not afraid of moisture, are environmentally friendly, do not shrink after gluing, and hide minor surface defects. Well suited for finishing walls and ceilings. If a layer of vinyl is applied to non-woven wallpaper, it can be glued for painting.

Vinyl wallpapers

Available on paper or non-woven backing with foam vinyl coating. Such wallpapers do not fade, they can be washed and painted. On sale there are smooth, embossed wallpaper, as well as canvases in the silk-screen printing style. Vinyl wallpapers They do not allow air to pass through, so it is better not to use them in bedrooms and children's rooms, but in the kitchen and hallway such material would be appropriate.

Elite wallpaper made from natural materials

They use paper or non-woven fabric as a base, and the top layer is made of natural materials: bamboo, straw. Veneer, cork, reed and others.

Environmentally friendly materials look beautiful on the walls, but are expensive, afraid of moisture and can fade in the sun.

Often natural wallpaper is glued to one of the walls, which gives the interior an original look.

Textile wallpaper

The front side of fabric wallpaper is made of silk, cotton, velor, linen and other natural and synthetic materials. Fabric wallpaper resistant to sunlight, have thermal insulation and sound insulation properties. Their disadvantages include low resistance to moisture, dirt, odors, and mechanical damage.

Liquid wallpaper

Liquid wallpaper by appearance similar to decorative plaster. They are made from cellulose with the addition of various fibers, glitter and natural dyes. Harmless to health, they level walls and create an unusual relief surface.

Due to their high hygroscopicity, they are not recommended for use in damp rooms. Sold in the form of dry mixtures, which are diluted with water before application.

In addition to those listed above, acrylic, metallized wallpaper, finishing roll materials fiberglass, photo wallpaper and others. Adhesive compositions for each type of wallpaper are selected in accordance with the instructions attached to the batch of material.

Finishing technology varies depending on the type of wallpaper. Before applying the sticker, it is necessary to clean and level the surface; it is better to glue the wallpaper starting from the window of the room. It is advisable to avoid drafts during operation.

Flooring installation

Laying the finishing flooring completes the finishing work of the house. Diversity modern materials allows you to satisfy the tastes of any buyer. Here are examples of common floor coverings.

Parquet

The time-tested material has not lost its relevance today. Nowadays parquet panels are more often laid from various breeds wood: oak, maple, ash, beech. Computer technologies make it possible to simulate styling patterns and carry out original design solutions.

Parquet board

In terms of price, the material compares favorably with parquet. Made from natural wood in a wide range color shades. Laying parquet boards is carried out according to the principle of locking. Just like parquet parquet board lends itself well to repeated scraping, cleaning and varnishing.

Laminate

Reliable material, resistant to scratches and mechanical damage. Its top layer imitates the texture of wood, parquet, ceramic tiles, a natural stone– it all depends on the taste and preferences of the customer. When laying the material, it is fixed using locking elements provided by the design of the panels.

In addition to the above materials, they are used for finishing flooring wooden boards, cork flooring, mats, ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, slabs made of natural or artificial stone, rolled materials (carpet, linoleum).

The technology for laying flooring varies depending on the material chosen. After installing the floors, the finishing of the room can be considered complete.

Our offers

The MosKomplekt company carries out finishing work on private houses, apartments and public buildings. By contacting us, you will receive a beautiful cozy home, the design of which will meet all the requirements of reliability and environmental safety.

We do not charge a fee for specialists to take measurements and assess the conditions of work. Our specialists carry out both individual types of work and turnkey finishing of apartments and houses.

The total cost of repair and finishing services depends on many factors and is calculated after specifying the scope of work. We have affordable prices and an individual approach to each client. Estimated cost of turnkey finishing:

• Cosmetic repairs – from RUB 2,500/m2.
• Major repairs – from RUB 5,800/m2.
• Elite renovation (European-quality renovation) – from RUB 7,900/m2.

Finishing is the third and final cycle of building construction, but its beginning, as a rule, does not coincide with the end of the construction of the building box, but is shifted to the earliest possible date. The type and quality of finishing work is determined by their purpose and is expressed in decorative and aesthetic, technical or protective and sanitary and hygienic functions. All types of finishing work can be divided into capital and decorative, which are applied in accordance with the requirements for the room, facade or parts thereof. Major types of finishing are made from natural and artificial stone, glass and non-ferrous metals. Finishing made from less durable materials can be classified as decorative. The quality of the finish is determined by the degree of evenness and uniformity of the surface, the size of the gaps between individual elements and some other characteristics. The quality of finishing is specified in the project for work with differentiated requirements to quality or controlled by uniform, standard requirements, regardless of the type and purpose of the room or structure. Thus, plastering and painting works have three types of quality: simple, improved and high-quality. All other types of finishing are carried out and controlled according to the same requirements for the corresponding work, i.e. The quality of tiling, flooring, glass work and suspended ceilings cannot be carried out to a greater or lesser level of quality depending on the type of room in which they are carried out or the design task.

TYPES OF FINISHING WORK:

1) Surface cladding

Cladding is the process of attaching various tiles, panels or sheet materials, which do not require subsequent finishing (plastering, painting or pasting). Natural and artificial stone, glass and metal are used for cladding facades. Stone and metal can be either part of load-bearing structures or attached to them in various ways. In addition to these, other, less durable materials can be used in interiors: gypsum castings and sheets, plastic, wood and wood-laminated panels. All these materials are attached with a sticker on various adhesives, mastics and solutions or mounted on a frame made of a special metal, rarely wooden profile using various fasteners.

2) Glass works Currently, the glazing of sash windows is usually carried out by the manufacturer of the window infills, but the glass is often removed and reinstalled on the construction site. Removing glass from bindings is associated with the need to access the mounting elements for tying plastic blocks or for final finishing of wooden blocks. In some cases, glass cutting and glazing can be carried out on the construction site. Window glass is cut by breaking along a line made with a roller or diamond glass cutter or after sharp heating along the cutting line with a tungsten filament. To produce glass, a workshop is equipped on the construction site, where large-sized glass is cut to specified sizes in the required quantity. The glass is installed in fully painted frames removed from the hinges in one of the rooms of the glazed floor. Since single glass today has given way to double-glazed windows, glazing with glass prepared on site is almost never used. Double-glazed windows are installed dry at the site where window blocks are produced, with glazing beads adjusted and temporary fastening. The “double putty” fastening method is not used for double-glazed windows. Traditional, widely used in housing construction, is the glazing method “with double putty and glazing beads” (Fig. 66 -)

b A Window glass is cut by breaking along a line made with a roller or diamond glass cutter or after sharp heating along the cutting line with a tungsten filament. To produce glass, a workshop is equipped on the construction site, where large-sized glass is cut to specified sizes in the required quantity. The glass is installed in fully painted frames removed from the hinges in one of the rooms of the glazed floor. Since single glass today has given way to double-glazed windows, glazing with glass prepared on site is almost never used. Double-glazed windows are installed dry at the site where window blocks are produced, with glazing beads adjusted and temporary fastening. The “double putty” fastening method is not used for double-glazed windows. Traditional, widely used in housing construction, is the glazing method “with double putty and glazing beads” (Fig. 66 -– on double putty; – on putty and glazing beads; V

2. – on elastic gaskets and glazing beads. 1 – glass; 2 – first layer of putty or sealant; 3 – second layer of putty (sealant); 4 – fixing pin (nail); 5 – elastic gasket; 6 – glazing bead; 7 – fastening the glazing bead with a screw or nail.

   The following types of window glass are used today:

   Reinforced

   Mirror

   Patterned, with a thickness of 2-3 mm. The same, with a thickness of 4-6 mm. WITH

   flowed

   reinforced

3) Plastering works These works are in first place in terms of mass application and labor intensity in the total volume of finishing work. By purpose plasters are divided into ordinary(leveling), special(moisture, heat, X-ray and noise protection) and decorative(not requiring additional finishing). Depending on the degree of “evenness” of the finished surface, there are three types quality for ordinary plasters: simple, improved and high quality and two for special ones (enhanced and high quality). A special type is dry plaster, which, based on technological characteristics, can be classified as cladding, but in terms of purpose and the need for subsequent finishing, it corresponds to the definition of plaster. Thus, depending on the materials used, plasters can be mortar or monolithic and dry. Dry plaster made from standard plasterboard (GKL) or gypsum fiber (GVL) sheets, 10 or 12 thick, 1200 millimeters wide. The length of the sheets can be from 1.2 to 3.3 m, but the most common sheets on the market are 2.7 m long. Monolithic plasters This is a traditional type of plaster, used for finishing facades and interiors, and can be classified as a capital type of finishing. Plaster mortars consist of sand, binder, plasticizer and water. The binder can be cement, lime and gypsum. Today, due to low strength, long setting time and high cost, lime is almost never used as a binder. Surface preparation for plastering. You can plaster almost any surface, but some of them require serious preparation. The most suitable for plastering is the surface of brickwork made from hollow bricks or from special embossed bricks. Such a surface only requires cleaning from deposits. masonry mortar and dust. Smoother concrete surfaces made with high-quality formwork need to be roughened by notching or covering with metal plaster mesh. Application of the solution today it is carried out mainly with a mechanized plastering nozzle with a supply of solution from a mobile plastering station placed directly in the room to be plastered or next to it.

4) Production of painting works 1 - relief texture - created by various processing of a plastic layer of putty applied with a thickness of 2-4 mm. onto the prepared surface. Today, there are a large number of ready-to-use decorative compositions, with instructions for their application, which allows you to create different texture options for the finished surface. On the market, such compositions are often called decorative plasters. Textured compositions are applied with hand trowels or crumb throwers, and finishing is done with smooth or textured rollers. Compositions based on transparent acrylic resins with a mineral filler imitate stone-like plaster. A similar texture can be obtained without the use of special decorative compounds; 2 – sand coating – is performed by applying dust-free sand in two layers over freshly applied epoxy glue or drying oil. After the glue has dried, the surface is painted, and if colored sand is used, varnished; 3 – color imitation of wood and stone species is achieved by cutting a freshly applied layer of paint with tampons, relief rollers

or brushes; 4 – rolling a pattern with relief rollers, printing with tampons and a stencil. 5) Wallpaper work Performed by painters simultaneously with painting work on the object. Preparation for pasting is carried out similarly to preparation for painting. After wallpapering the room, you can lay carpeting, install baseboards and trim on door frames. There is a huge variety on the market today, which according to technological characteristics can be reduced to the following types: thin paper; medium density; dense; heavy and linkcrust; ceiling and glass wallpaper (embossed fiberglass). The width of the wallpaper is usually 0.5 and 1.0 meters. Thin wallpapers are glued with an overlap, and all others are glued end-to-end (in finished form). Lincrust and some types of expensive wallpaper are glued with an overlap for precise cutting of edges (see linoleum, Fig. 86). Before sticking, all wallpaper is cut according to the height of the room with a margin of 5–6 cm, while wallpaper with a geometric pattern (rapport) is calculated by adding the step size of the pattern to all panels except the first one to the height of the room. This is necessary to be able to combine the pattern in adjacent panels. All types of wallpaper, except glass wallpaper and ceiling wallpaper, are coated with glue immediately before sticking. The base is glued in advance and should be completely dry before wallpapering begins. Before sticking begins, the position of the first edge of the panel must be marked on the surface with a vertical line. The corners are covered with a panel by approximately 50 mm. Large overlaps can lead to wrinkles in the wallpaper. All wallpaper adhesives produced today are based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with various additives. Glue with the consistency of thick jelly dissolved in water is applied to a panel cut to size with a brush or roller. The prepared panel is folded into three layers, fed to the painter-painter standing on a scaffold or stepladder and glued from the ceiling to the floor. Air bubbles are squeezed out with a soft rubber roller from the middle to the edges while simultaneously correcting the joint of the panels. Correctly selected and applied glue allows you to move the panel along the base by 5 - 10 mm. within 2 – 3 minutes. During work, the humidity in the room increases significantly, but the rooms cannot be ventilated. Otherwise, the wallpaper paper will dry faster than the glue, which will lead to the panels tightening and the seams opening. The cutting of the edges of the joints and the stock is carried out before the glue dries, after which the edges are folded back and additionally coated with glue. Ceiling wallpaper is made from materials that have minimal deformation when humidity changes, which allows them to be pasted without moisture, i.e. The glue is applied not to the wallpaper, but to the surface to be covered. In this case, the wallpaper is simply rolled out from a roll and pressed with a roller.

6) Installation of suspended ceilings The need for suspended ceilings is determined not only by decorative, acoustic and thermal properties, but also by the possibility of placing large ventilation pipelines and numerous electrical wiring in an easily accessible space. Considering the low cost of materials and work on installing ceilings, the popularity of this type of finishing becomes clear. The most common today are modular slab ceilings on a light metal frame filled with acoustic mineral wool slabs, plasterboard for subsequent finishing and plastic hollow-core panels
Figure 78. Construction of a plasterboard suspended ceiling on a metal single-level (A) and two-level frame (B).

The construction of the ceiling begins by applying a clean ceiling level to the walls, using optical or laser levels, a water level or a large mounting level.

7) Flooring During operation, floor coverings are subjected to a wide variety of loads, depending on the type of room, hence the requirements for floors: strength, resistance to abrasion, crushing from impact and prolonged compression, resistance to chemicals, evenness and smoothness of the coating, a given slope, appropriate heat and sound insulation , cleanability and antibacterial properties, elasticity, decorativeness and durability. These qualities are provided not only by coatings, but also by other underlying elements and layers of the floor. The name of the floor is determined by its covering or bare floor; underneath there is a layer that redistributes the loads or connects the covering with the underlying layers. Then there may be a leveling or reinforcing screed, heat and sound insulation, steam or waterproofing and a load-bearing base in the form of a ceiling or reinforced soil. In certain types of floors, some of the listed elements are missing. Based on the production method and materials used, monolithic, piece and roll coatings are distinguished. Monolithic ones include concrete, cement, polymer cement or self-leveling, terrazza, mosaic and xylolite. Piece ones include: planks, lumber, parquet (composited, panel, parquet boards, laminate), ceramic tiles, natural and artificial stone, end block and cast iron slabs. Rolled: natural and polyvinyl chloride linoleum (PVC coatings), rubber (Relin), carpets and flotex.

Kinds:

Screed device - The most common are monolithic strengthening and leveling screeds. Strengthening is carried out on top of insulation or crushed stone from cement-sand mortar. Monolithic concrete floors - They are installed in industrial and utility rooms in one layer on a rigid base made of ordinary concrete mortar. The thickness of the coating is determined by the project depending on the design loads and can range from 30 to 200 mm. For heavy loads, such a floor is additionally reinforced by placing the reinforcement in the middle of the thickness of the concrete layer. Terrazzo and monolithic mosaic flooring These floors are installed in public spaces with high traffic: lobbies, distribution halls, corridors, trading floors etc Stone and ceramic tile floors They are installed on strong, rigid foundations in premises for various purposes. Installation of plank floors The use of these floors has a long history and is justified today in many cases by the simplicity of design, environmental friendliness, decorativeness and tactile characteristics of natural wood Bar floor It is used in rooms with high dynamic loads, such as sports halls and gyms. It is carried out, as a rule, along logs-laying on the sand on floor slabs, similar to a plank floor. Installation of parquet floors Today, this type of flooring includes, in addition to traditional typesetting, also parquet boards, panels and laminated panels. Floors made from roll materials They are usually made from synthetic pile or smooth materials. Smooth coatings include natural and polyvinyl chloride linoleum, and relin (rubber linoleum). Carpets They can be installed by continuous gluing to the base or by stretching them onto toothed racks (grippers) fixed around the perimeter of the room. In both cases, unlike PVC coatings, the seams are welded before the coating is secured to the base.