About 200 peoples live on Russian territory. The history of some of them goes back to distant millennia BC. We found out which indigenous peoples of Russia are the most ancient and from whom they originated.

There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Slavs - some attribute them to the Scythian tribes from Central Asia, some to the mysterious Aryans, some to the Germanic peoples. Hence different views about the age of an ethnic group, to which it is customary to add a couple of extra millennia “for the sake of respectability.”

The first who tried to determine the age of the Slavic people was the monk Nestor, taking the biblical tradition as a basis, he began the history of the Slavs with the Babylonian pandemonium, which divided humanity into 72 nations: “From these 70 and 2 languages ​​the Slovenian language was born...”.

From an archaeological point of view, the first culture that can be called Proto-Slavic was the so-called culture of podklosh burials, which received its name from the custom of covering cremated remains with a large vessel, in Polish “klesh”, that is, “upside down”. It originated between the Vistula and Dnieper in the 5th century BC. To some extent, we can assume that its representatives were Proto-Slavs.

The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes, the territories where the Bashkir ethnic group emerged, have been an important center of cultural interaction since ancient times. The archaeological diversity of the region baffles researchers and adds the question of the origin of the people to the long list of “mysteries of history.”

Today, there are three main versions of the origin of the Bashkir people. The most “archaic” - Indo-Iranian says that the main element in the formation of the ethnic group were the Indo-Iranian Sako-Sarmatian, Dakho-Massaget tribes of the early Iron Age (III-IV centuries BC), the place of settlement of which was the Southern Urals. According to another, Finno-Ugric version, the Bashkirs are “siblings” of the current Hungarians, since they together descended from the Magyars and the Eney tribe (in Hungary - Eno). This is supported by the Hungarian legend, recorded in the 13th century, about the Magyars’ journey from the East to Pannonia (modern Hungary), which they made in order to take possession of Attila’s inheritance.

Based on medieval sources in which Arab and Central Asian authors equate the Bashkirs and Turks, a number of historians believe that these peoples are related.

According to the historian G. Kuzeev, the ancient Bashkir tribes (Burzyan, Usergan, Bailar, Surash and others) emerged on the basis of Turkic early medieval communities in the 7th century AD and subsequently mixed with Finno-Ugric tribes and tribal groups of Sarmatian origin. In the 13th century, historical Bashkortostan was invaded by nomadic Kipchakized tribes, who shaped the appearance of modern Bashkirs.

The versions of the origin of the Bashkir people are not limited to this. Passionate about philology and archeology, public figure Salavat Gallyamov put forward a hypothesis according to which the ancestors of the Bashkirs once left ancient Mesopotamia and reached the Southern Urals through Turkmenistan. However, in the scientific community this version is considered a “fairy tale”.

The history of the Finno-Ugric people of the Mari begins at the beginning of the first millennium BC, along with the formation of the so-called Ananyin archaeological culture in the Volga-Kama region (VIII-II centuries BC).

Some historians identify them with the semi-legendary Fyssagetae - an ancient people who, according to Herodotus, lived near the Scythian lands. Of these, the Mari subsequently emerged, settling from the right bank of the Volga between the mouths of the Sura and Tsivil.

During the early Middle Ages, they were in close cooperation with the Gothic, Khazar tribes and Volga Bulgaria. The Mari were annexed to Russia in 1552, after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.

Ancestors northern people The Sami - the Komsa culture - came to the north in the Neolithic era, when these lands were freed from the glacier. The Sami ethnos, whose name translates as “land” itself, traces its roots back to the carriers of the ancient Volga culture and the Dauphinian Caucasian population. The latter, known in the scientific world as the culture of reticulated ceramics, inhabited a wide territory from the middle Volga region to the north of Fennoscandia, including Karelia, in the 2nd-1st millennium BC.

According to the historian I. Manyukhin, having mixed with the Volga tribes, they formed an ancient Sami historical community of three related cultures: the late Kargopol in Belozerye, Kargopolye and South-East Karelia, the Luukonsaari in Eastern Finland and Western Karelia, the Kjelmo and “Arctic”, in northern Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Kola Peninsula.

Along with this, the Sami language emerged and the physical appearance of the Lapps took shape ( Russian designation Sami), which is characteristic of these peoples today - short stature, wide-set blue eyes and blond hair.

Probably the first written mention of the Sami dates back to 325 BC and is found in the ancient Greek historian Pytheas, who mentioned a certain people “Fenni” (finoi). Subsequently, Tacitus wrote about them in the 1st century AD, talking about the wild Fenian people living in the area of ​​Lake Ladoga. Today the Sami live in Russia in the Murmansk region as an indigenous population.

On the territory of Dagestan, where remains of human settlements dating back to the 6th millennium BC are found, many peoples can boast of their ancient origins. This especially applies to the peoples of the Caucasian type - the Dargins and Laks. According to historian V. Alekseev, the Caucasian group formed on the same territory that it now occupies on the basis of the ancient local population of the Late Stone Age.

The Vainakh peoples, which include the Chechens (“Nokhchi”) and Ingush (“Galgai”), as well as many peoples of Dagestan, belong to the ancient Caucasian anthropological type, as the Soviet anthropologist Prof. Debets, “the most Caucasian of all Caucasians.” Their roots should be sought in the Kura-Araks archaeological culture, which inhabited the territory of the North Caucasus in the 4th and early 3rd millennium BC, as well as in the Maikop culture, which inhabited the foothills of the North Caucasus during the same period.

Mention of the Vainakhs in written sources is found for the first time in Strabo, who in his “Geography” mentions certain “Gargarei” living in the small foothills and plains of the Central Caucasus.

In the Middle Ages, the formation of the Vainakh peoples was strongly influenced by the state of Alania in the foothills of the North Caucasus, which fell in the 13th century under the hooves of the Mongol cavalry.

The small Siberian people of the Yukaghirs (“people of the Mezlots” or “distant people”) can be called the most ancient on the territory of Russia. According to historian A. Okladnikov, this ethnic group emerged in the Stone Age, approximately in the 7th millennium BC in the east of the Yenisei.

Anthropologists believe that this people, genetically isolated from their closest neighbors - the Tungus, represents the oldest layer of the autochthonous population of polar Siberia. Their archaic nature is also evidenced by the long-preserved custom of matrilocal marriage, when after marriage the husband lives on his wife’s territory.

Until the 19th century, numerous Yukaghir tribes (Alai, Anaul, Kogime, Lavrentsy and others) occupied a vast territory from the Lena River to the mouth of the Anadyr River. In the 19th century, their numbers began to decline significantly as a result of epidemics and civil strife. Some of the tribes were assimilated by the Yakuts, Evens and Russians. According to the 2002 census, the number of Yukaghirs decreased to 1,509 people

It has always been fashionable to “extend” your history. Therefore, every nation strives to demonstrate its ancestry, starting with ancient world, or better yet, from the Stone Age. But there are peoples whose antiquity is beyond doubt.

Armenians (2nd millennium BC)

Among the most ancient peoples of the world, Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many blank spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin Armenian people their origin was from the legendary king Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-name of the Armenians “hai” comes from. This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. He mistook the ruins of the state of Urartra in the area of ​​Lake Van for early Armenian settlements. Today's official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and the Urumeans - came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC e., even before the formation of the Urartian state, after their destruction of the Hittite state. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urartians and Luwians. According to historian Boris Piotrovsky, the beginnings of Armenian statehood should be sought during the time of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, known since the 1200s BC.

Jews (II-I millennium BC)

With history Jewish people There are even more mysteries than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of “Jews” was more cultural than ethnic. That is, that “Jews” were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. There are still fierce discussions in science about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social class, a religious denomination. If you believe the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - Old Testament, Jews trace their origins to Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself came from the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia. Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where his descendants subsequently captured the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of Noah’s son Ham) and called Canaan “the land of Israel.” According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the Exodus from Egypt. If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they separated from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Their closest “language brothers” are the Amorites and Phoenicians. Recently, a “genetic version” of the origin of the Jewish people has emerged. According to it, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America - Europe), Mizrahim (Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to the Abraham's Children in the Genome Era study, the ancestors of all three groups originated in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar) they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.

Ethiopians (3rd millennium BC)

Ethiopia belongs to East Africa, the oldest region of human origin. Its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt (“Land of the Gods”), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. Mentions of it are found in Egyptian sources of the 3rd millennium BC. n. e. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a controversial issue, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called the existence of the latter into question. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom occurred in 300 BC. – 300 AD, civilization began here much earlier, back in the 2400s BC. along with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma. For some time, Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), whose ruler was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the “Solomon Dynasty,” which claims that the Ethiopian kings are direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (the Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).

Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)

If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they achieved dominance in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their separation could have occurred even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. The Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, is considered the first empire in human history. Modern Assyrians consider themselves to be direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians descendants of the Arameans.

Chinese (4500-2500 BC)

The Chinese people or Han make up 19% of the total world population today. It originated on the basis of Neolithic cultures that developed in the 5th-3rd millennia BC. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by archeology and linguistics. The latter distinguishes them into the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race took part in the further formation of the Han, speaking Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altai and other languages, very different in culture. The history of the Han people is closely connected with the history of China, and to this day, they constitute the bulk of the country's population.

Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)

A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC, the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages ​​of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all the peoples of modern Europe. All, except Euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name “Basques”. Their age, origin and language are some of the main mysteries modern history. Some believe that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, others say that they had a common homeland with Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may, the Basques are considered to be one of the oldest populations in Europe. The Basque language, Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any currently existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguish them from other peoples around them. According to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the proto-Basques emerged as a separate culture 16 thousand years ago, during the Paleolithic.

Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)

A recent discovery by scientists has given first place in the list of ancient peoples to the Khoisan, a group of people in South Africa who speak so-called “clicking languages”. These include, among others, hunters - Bushmen and cattle breeders - Hohenthots. A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of humanity 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the exodus from Africa and the settlement of people around the world. About 43 thousand years ago, the Khoisan people split into a southern and northern group. According to the researchers, part of the Khoisan population has retained its ancient roots; some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred for a long time with the alien Bantu peoples and lost their genetic identity. The DNA of the Khoisan people is different from the genes of other peoples of the world. “Relict” genes were found in it that are responsible for increased muscle strength and endurance, as well as high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.

The first states appeared about 6,000 years ago, but not all of them were able to survive to this day. Some have disappeared forever, others only have their names left, but there are also those that have retained their connection with the Ancient World.

Armenia
The history of Armenian statehood goes back about 2,500 years, although its origins should be sought even deeper - in the kingdom of Arme-Shubria (XII century BC), which, according to historian Boris Piotrovsky, at the turn of the 7th and 6th centuries BC. e. turned into a Scythian-Armenian association. Ancient Armenia is a motley conglomerate of kingdoms and states that existed simultaneously or succeeded one another. Tabal, Melid, the Mush kingdom, the Hurrian, Luwian and Urartian states - the descendants of their inhabitants eventually merged into the Armenian people.
The term “Armenia” is first found in the Behistun Inscription (521 BC) of the king of Persia, Darius I, who so designated the Persian satrapy on the territory of the disappeared Urartu. Later, in the valley of the Araks River, the Ararat kingdom arose, which served as the basis for the formation of three others - Sophen, Lesser Armenia and Greater Armenia. From about the 3rd century BC. e. the center of political and cultural life of the Armenian people moves to the Ararat Valley.

The history of Iran is one of the most ancient and eventful. Based on written sources, scientists suggest that Iran is at least 5,000 years old. However, in Iranian history they include such a proto-state formation as Elam, located in the southwest of modern Iran and mentioned in the Bible.
The first most significant Iranian state was the Median kingdom, founded in the 7th century BC. e. During its heyday, the Median kingdom was significantly larger than the ethnographic region of modern Iran, Media. In the Avesta this region was called the “Country of the Aryans.” The Iranian-speaking tribes of the Medes, according to one version, moved here from Central Asia, according to another - from the North Caucasus and gradually assimilated the local non-Aryan tribes. The Medes very quickly settled throughout western Iran and established control over it. Over time, having grown stronger, they were able to defeat the Assyrian Empire. The beginnings of the Medes were continued by the Persian Empire, spreading its influence over vast territories from Greece to India.

According to Chinese scientists, Chinese civilization is about 5,000 years old. But written sources speak of a slightly younger age - 3600 years. This is the beginning of the Shang Dynasty. Then a system of administrative management was laid down, which was developed and improved by successive dynasties.
Chinese civilization developed in the basin of two large rivers - the Yellow River and the Yangtze, which determined its agricultural character. It was developed agriculture that distinguished China from its neighbors, who lived in less favorable steppe and mountainous regions.
The state of the Shang dynasty pursued a fairly active military policy, which allowed it to expand its territories to the limits that included the modern Chinese provinces of Henan and Shanxi. By the 11th century BC, the Chinese were already using lunar calendar and invented the first examples of hieroglyphic writing. At the same time, a professional army was formed in China, using bronze weapons and war chariots.

Greece has every reason to be considered the cradle of European civilization. About 5,000 years ago, the Minoan culture arose on the island of Crete, which later spread to the mainland through the Greeks. It was on the island that the beginnings of statehood were indicated, in particular, the first writing appeared, diplomatic and trade relations with the East emerged. Appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. e. The Aegean civilization is already fully demonstrating state entities. Thus, the first states in the Aegean Sea basin - in Crete and the Peloponnese - were built according to the type of eastern despotism with a developed bureaucratic apparatus. Ancient Greece grew rapidly and spread its influence to the Northern Black Sea region, Asia Minor and Southern Italy.
Ancient Greece is often called Hellas, however local residents self-designation is also extended to the modern state. It is important for them to emphasize the historical connection with that era and culture, which essentially shaped the entire European civilization.

At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC, several dozen cities of the upper and lower Nile were united under the rule of two rulers. From this moment the 5000-year history of Egypt begins.
Soon a war broke out between Upper and Lower Egypt, which resulted in the victory of the king of Upper Egypt. Under the rule of the pharaoh, a strong state is formed here, gradually spreading its influence to neighboring lands. The 27-century dynastic period of Ancient Egypt is golden time ancient Egyptian civilization.
A clear administrative and management structure is being formed in the state, advanced technologies for that time are being developed, and art and architecture are rising to unattainable heights. Over the past centuries, a lot has changed in Egypt - religion, language, culture. The Arab conquest of the country of the pharaohs radically turned the vector of development of the state. However, it is the ancient Egyptian heritage that is the hallmark of modern Egypt.

First mention of Ancient Japan contained in Chinese historical chronicles of the 1st century AD. e. In particular, it says that there were 100 small countries in the archipelago, 30 of which established relations with China.
The reign of the first Japanese Emperor Jimmu supposedly began in 660 BC. e. It was he who wanted to establish power over the entire archipelago. However, some historians consider Jimma a semi-legendary person. Japan is a unique country, which, unlike Europe and the Middle East, has developed for many centuries without any serious social and political upheavals. This is largely due to its geographical isolation, which, in particular, protected Japan from the Mongol invasion.
If we take into account the dynastic continuity that has been uninterrupted for more than 2.5 thousand years and the absence of fundamental changes in the country’s borders, Japan can be called a state with the most ancient origins.

It has always been fashionable to “extend” your history. Therefore, every nation strives to demonstrate its ancestry, starting it from the ancient world, or even better from the Stone Age. But there are peoples whose antiquity is beyond doubt.

What are the most ancient living peoples?

Magazine: History “Russian Seven” No. 4, April 2017
Category: Peoples
Text: Russian Seven

Armenians (2nd millennium BC)

Among the most ancient peoples of the world, Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many blank spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin of the Armenian people was their origin from the legendary King Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-name of the Armenians “hai” comes from.
This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. He mistook the ruins of the state of Urartra in the area of ​​Lake Van for early Armenian settlements. Today's official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and the Urumeans - came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC, even before the formation of the Urartian state, after their destruction of the Hittite state. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urartians and Luwians. According to historian Boris Piotrovsky, the beginnings of Armenian statehood should be sought during the time of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, known since the 1200s BC.

Jews (2nd millennium BC)

There are even more mysteries with the history of the Jewish people than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of “Jews” was more cultural than ethnic. That is, that “Jews” were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. There are still fierce discussions in science about what the Jews originally were: a people, a social class, a religious denomination, if you believe the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - the Old Testament, Jews trace their origins to Abraham (XXI-XX centuries . BC), who himself was a native of the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia. Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where his descendants subsequently captured the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of Noah’s son Ham) and called Canaan “the land of Israel.” According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the “exodus from Egypt.” If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they separated from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the 2nd millennium BC. Their closest “language brothers” are the Amorites and Phoenicians. Recently, a “genetic version” of the origin of the Jewish people has emerged. According to it, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America and Europe), Mizrahim (Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) - have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to the Abraham's Children in the Genome Era study, the ancestors of all three groups appeared in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar) they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.

Ethiopians (3rd millennium BC)

Ethiopia belongs to East Africa, the oldest area of ​​​​the origin of humanity, its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt (“Land of the Gods”), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. Mentions of it are found in Egyptian sources of the 3rd millennium BC. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a controversial issue, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called into question the existence of the latter. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom occurred in 300 BC. - 300 AD, civilization began here much earlier, back in the 2400s BC. Together with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma. For some time, Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), whose ruler was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the Solomon dynasty, which claims that the Ethiopian kings are direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).

Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)

If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC. they achieved dominance in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their separation could have occurred even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th-6th centuries. BC, is considered the first empire in human history. Modern Assyrians consider themselves to be direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians descendants of the Arameans.

Chinese (4500 - 2500 BC)

The Chinese people, or Han, today make up 19% of the world's total population. It originated on the basis of Neolithic cultures that developed in the 5th-3rd millennia BC. In the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by both archeology and linguistics, the latter distinguishes them into the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race took part in the further formation of the Han, speaking Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altai and other languages, very different in culture. The history of the Han people is closely connected with the history of China, and to this day they constitute the bulk of the country's population.

Basque (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)

A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC. the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages ​​of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all the peoples of modern Europe. All, except Euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name “Basques”. Their age, origin and language are one of the main mysteries of modern history. Some believe that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, others argue that they had a common homeland with the Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may, the Basques are considered to be one of the oldest populations in Europe.
The Basque language - Euskara - is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any existing language family. As for genetics, according to a study conducted in 2012 by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguishes them from surrounding peoples, according to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the Proto-Basques became a separate culture 16 thousand years ago , during the Paleolithic.

Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)

A recent discovery by scientists has given first place in the list of ancient peoples to the Khoisan, a group of peoples in South Africa who speak so-called clicking languages. These include, among others, Bushmen hunters and Hohentot herders.
A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of humanity 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the exodus from Africa and the settlement of people around the world.
About 43 thousand years ago, the Khoisan people split into a southern and northern group; according to researchers, part of the Khoisan population retained its ancient roots, some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred for a long time with the alien Bantu peoples and lost their genetic identity. The DNA of the Khoisan people is different from the genes of other peoples of the world. “Relict” genes were found in it that are responsible for increased muscle strength and endurance, as well as high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.

Original taken from servicefree in post Oleg Timofeevich Vinogradov, outstanding Russian surgeon and writer, served in Armed Forces Soviet Union for more than 30 years, awarded 15 medals and one order. Since 1980, he began to study professionally the ancient history of the Slavs.
Monograph by Vinogradov "Ancient Vedic Rus' is the basis of existence" was published in 2008 and immediately sold out. In order to declare the book extremist, in 2011 the author was accused of standard “Russian typing” under Article 282

Book "Ancient Vedic Rus' - the basis of existence"(download) :
http://narod.ru/disk/36694522001/vinogradov_drevn.zip.html

The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, this data is not classified, since it was obtained by American scientists outside the sphere of defense research, and was even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around it is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage cannot even be compared: then some things still leaked into print, and in in this case- nothing at all.
What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.

Agnation.

Why information is hidden - more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists.

There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half of which he inherits from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that is passed on from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has in his DNA exactly the same haplogroup as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, etc. for many generations.

The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same nation. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, one can imagine the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different peoples, each marked with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings.) .

Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchangeable in nature, for movement is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change (in biology such changes are called mutations), but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned a genetic classification R1a1. Paternal R1a mutated and a new one arose R1a1.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which was started by this same boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and multiplied over a vast area. Currently, holders of haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form were born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men now living on earth whose DNA contains this haplogroup. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, together making up a single people - the Russians.

Biology is an exact science.

It does not allow for double interpretation, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, genetic and statistical analysis of population structure, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows us to trace the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of a territory have a certain haplogroup, we can say with one hundred percent certainty that these people descend from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.

Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, having emerged 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 - an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. They looked then exactly the same as we do now; the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid or other non-Russian features. Scientists recreated from bone remains appearance a young woman from the “civilization of cities”: she turned out to be a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

Haplogroup R1a1 in the ancient world.

3500 years ago, haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the Russians’ arrival in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.

It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time (as they are recorded in Indian texts). It is also known that it was not the local Hindus who gave them this name, but that it is a self-name. In hydronymy and toponymy preserved convincing that evidence - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.

It is also known that the appearance of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 on the territory of India 3500 years ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan based on the site of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had populous cities at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history gave way to the Aryan.

The first monument of the Indian epic, which talks about the appearance of the Aryans, was written down 400 years later, in the 11th century. BC e., and in the 3rd century. BC e. in its completed form, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit emerged, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language.

Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the upper castes there are almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the upper castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).

Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan (i.e. Russian) roots of ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings loved to emphasize their Aryan origin, as eloquently evidenced, in particular, by the popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.

Our ancestors migrated not only to the east and south (to India and Iran), but also to the west - to where they are now located European countries. On westward geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, holders of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%, and in England - the least (3%).

Unfortunately, there is so far no ethnogenetic information on the European patrimonial aristocracy, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, Iran, the Aryans made up the nobility in the lands where they came . The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a by-product of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y chromosomes of the king and heir Alexei turned out to be identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house of Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.

However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the Northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the Southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago.

The settlement of the Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north; and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group - the so-called. "Indo-European" (Correct: Slavic-Aryan). These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for the obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian language) they stand next to the original source - Aryan the proto-language from which all other “Indo-European” languages ​​grew.
Note - more about European languages ​​as remakes - “How “national” remake languages ​​were created in the 18th-19th centuries”- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/71015.html

“It’s impossible to argue. You need to shut up.”

The above are irrefutable natural scientific facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply kept silent. They are hushed up unanimously and stubbornly, they are hushed up, one might say, completely. And there are reasons for this.

The first such reason is quite trivial and boils down to scientific false solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.

For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about Tatar-Mongol invasion to Rus'. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not there! Solid R1a1 - and nothing more, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Rus' was not at all what is commonly thought of: the Mongols, if they were present there, were in statistically insignificant numbers, and it is generally unclear who was called “Tatars”. Well, which scientist will refute scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
see Myth of Tatar-Mongol yoke - http://ladstas.livejournal.com/16811.html
No one wants to spoil relationships with colleagues and be branded an extremist by destroying established myths. In the academic environment, this happens all the time: if the facts do not correspond to the theory, so much the worse for the facts.

The second reason, incomparably more significant, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.

Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of ​​Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from the trees, naturally backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that Russians are the ones arias, which had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and Europe itself! That Europeans owe a lot to Russians for their prosperous lives, starting with the languages ​​they speak. What is no coincidence in modern history third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. Etc.

Great historical tradition

It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifesting itself with iron inevitability due to the fact that it grew on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia.

Western politicians and ideologists have a lot to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they don’t want to think or change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan topic.

The Russian situation itself

The main thing is the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and current liberals is precisely the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilyov in his theory of ethnogenesis: “From a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks, the Great Russian people developed.” The “national leader” repeats the common saying “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar.” Etc.

Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such do not exist, but some kind of amorphous “mixture” exists, then anyone can control this “mixture”: be it Germans, be it African pygmies, or even Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is the ideological justification for the dominance of the non-Russian “elite” in Russia (formerly Soviet, now liberal).

But then the Americans with their genetics intervene, and it turns out that there is no “mixture”, that the Russian people have existed unchanged for 4500 years, that Alans and Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate, distinctive peoples, etc. . d. And the question immediately arises: why then have Russia not been ruled by Russians for almost a century? Illogical and wrong, Russians should be controlled by Russians.

Czech Jan Hus

The Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, argued in a similar way 600 years ago:
“The Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by the dictates of nature, must be first in positions, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands.”
This statement of his was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.

Now morals have softened, professors are not being burned, but so that people are not tempted to succumb to Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply “cancelled” the Russian people: “a mixture,” they say. And everything would have been fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes - and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them up with, all that remains is to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.

The collapse of the myth about the Russian people

The collapse of the myth of the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth - the myth of the multinationality of Russia.
Until now, they have tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from the Russian “you won’t understand what the mixture is” and many indigenous peoples and newcomer diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly “multinational.”

But genetic studies provide a completely different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there is no reason not to believe them: they are authoritative scientists, they value their reputation, and they have no reason to lie in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the data of the penultimate census, 80% of respondents consider themselves Russian, i.e. 10% more are Russified representatives of other nations (it is these 10%, if you “scrub”, that you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Total: Russia is a mono-ethnic country, albeit multi-ethnic, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. This is where Jan Hus' logic comes into play.

About backwardness

Next - about backwardness. Judeo-Christian churchmen thoroughly contributed to this myth: they say that before the baptism of Rus', people lived in complete savagery. Wow, "wildness"! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the aborigines their language, and all this long before the so-called. “The Nativity of Christ”... Doesn’t fit, doesn’t fit at all true story with its Judeo-Christian church version. There is something primordial, natural in the Russian people that cannot be reduced to their religious life.

Of course, biology and the social sphere cannot be equated. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but how one passes into the other, how the material becomes ideal, is unknown to science. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions different peoples have different patterns of life activity. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to the Russians, many peoples lived and now live, but none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of the Russian-Aryans in ancient times. Natural conditions they are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something common to all of them: they are great on the historical scale of values ​​and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.

“Everything flows, everything changes,” “...except the human soul.”

The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying “Everything flows, everything changes.” Less known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “...except for the human soul.” While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as there are people on earth with haplogroup R1a1 on the Y chromosome, their people retain their souls unchanged.

The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, but the Russian soul remains the same for all 4500 years of the existence of the people in its current genetic form. And together, the body and soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name “Russian people,” have a natural ability for great achievements on a civilizational scale. The Russian people have demonstrated this many times in the past; this potential remains in the present and will always exist as long as the people live.

It is very important to know this and, through the prism of knowledge, to evaluate current events, words and actions of people, to determine one’s own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation.” Knowledge of the history of a people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the worst thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. That's why they try to hide this knowledge. And we are trying to make it publicly available.

Spirin Vladimir Georgievich