What are the types of phraseological units in terms of stylistic coloring?

What is a phraseological unit?

IV. Phraseology

REVIEW QUESTIONS

(Based on stylistic coloring, the following phraseological units are distinguished: 1. neutral – used in all styles of speech: vicious circle, just cause, live out your life, with a sinking heart, know your worth, play of the imagination, come to consciousness. 2. Books - used in book styles, mainly in writing:probe the waters, follow in the footsteps, tempt fate, disappear from the face of the earth, Egyptian execution, stumbling block, Augean stables. 3. Conversational – used primarily in oral communication: to live happily, behind seven locks, the eye rejoices, as if on pins and needles, through teeth, the first pancake is lumpy, seven Fridays a week. 4. Vernacular – differ from colloquial ones by lowering, rudeness: to Kudykin's mountain, to make a mistake, to fool one's head, a trifle, to get to the point, to kill a worm, to shed a tear.)

EXERCISES

1. Give examples of phraseological units in which the following are used:

1) cognate words,

2) various shapes one word.

Answer:

1) at least a dime a dozen, the darkness is overwhelming, grief to grieve and etc.;

2) wall to wall, face to face, step by step, as simple as shelling pears, face to face, making ends meet, leaving no stone unturned.

2. Complete the sentences with phraseological units.

1) The twins looked like... (two peas in a pod).

2) He writes sloppily and illegibly, like... (chicken paw).

3) From excitement he was as pale as... (canvas).

4) I know this area like... (the back of my hand).

5) He is busy all day, spinning like... (a squirrel in a wheel).

3. Correct errors in the use of phraseological units.

1) Work hard. 2) I’m telling you with my hand on my heart. 3) Work with your sleeves down. 4) Agree with your heart creaking. 5) He came unexpectedly, like a thief in the night.

Answer: 1) Work in sweat faces. 2) Putting I tell you with my hand on my heart. 3) Work later sleeves 4) Agree reluctantly. 5) Came unexpectedly, like a thief nights.

4. What verbs are phraseological units used with?

a) Faith and truth; b) at the top of my lungs; c) between two lights; d) to the depths of the soul; e) side by side; e) to the last thread; g) for next to nothing; h) on the outskirts; i) at full speed; j) for nuts.

Answer: a) serve; b) yell, scream, sing; c) to be, to be, to be; d) amaze, excite, shock; e) live, work, fight; e) get wet; g) sell, buy; h) to be, to be, to be located; i) run, ride, rush; j) got it.

5. In what stable expressions do the words appear? mite, balusters, apple, gimmick, incense? Explain the meaning of these expressions.

Answer:to contribute- take part in any activity within your power. Sharpening balusters (lasas)- talk idle talk. Like the apple of your eye (take care)- carefully, carefully. Pull the gimp- procrastinate on something started, do something slowly. Smoking (cense) incense- flatteringly praise.

6. Which phraseological unit is “superfluous”? Why?

1) Like twice two, to the seventh sweat is a well-known thing, it’s as easy as shelling pears.

2) To beat the thumbs, to celebrate the coward, to celebrate the lazy, to drive away the lazy.

3) Point your nose, fool you, leave you with your nose, nod off, fool your head.

4) To throw off a burden, to be relieved of a burden, to break the chains, to untie one's hands, to throw off the collar.

5) Out of the blue, out of nowhere, out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, like a blow to the head.

Answer:

1) Working up a sweat- to the point of exhaustion. General value row - “clear, understandable”.

2) Coward to celebrate- to be cowardly. The general meaning of the series is “to mess around”.

3) Nodding off- sleep, fall asleep. The general meaning of the series is “to deceive”.

4) Get rid of the burden- give a birth to a baby. The general meaning of the series is “to free yourself.”

5) Headlong- recklessly. The general meaning of the series is “suddenly, unexpectedly”.

7. Select as many phraseological units as possible that are synonymous with the indicated words.

1) Smart; 2) few; 3) fast; 4) be silent; 5) far.

Answer: smart - a bright head, a man of great intelligence, a storehouse of wisdom, a mind full of intelligence, a chamber of intelligence, a head on his shoulders, seven spans in his forehead, a head that cooks. Few - nothing at all, not a lot, once or twice and it was too many, you can count it on your fingers, a small fraction, the cat cried, as big as a gulkin’s nose. Fast - with all your spirit, with all your might, with all your might, with all your might, with all your steam, with all your sails, with all your might, with all your might, headlong, headlong, like mad, just your heels sparkle. Be silent - keep your mouth shut, swallow your tongue, keep your mouth shut, play the silent game, bite your tongue, pass over in silence. Far - at the end of the world, near the devil in the middle of nowhere, far away, in the distant kingdom, where Makar did not drive calves, where crows did not bring bones, not the near world.

8. Here are “reversals” - stable expressions in which each word is replaced by an antonym. Restore them to their original appearance.

A new lie, come out of bad taste, die by your own stupidity, come from being, countless nights, take the beginning.

Answer:old truth, get a taste, live in someone else's mind, go into oblivion, in a matter of days, give up.

9. Remember as many phraseological units with the word hand.

Answer:pull yourself together, hand in hand (go), very badly, fall from hand, give your hand to be cut off, as if without hands, from third hands, fill your hand, hand does not rise etc.

10. Give as many phraseological units with the word as possible heart. Explain what their meanings have in common.

Answer:the heart hurts, the heart sinks, the heart burns, the heart skips a beat, the heart languishes, the heart is out of place, the heart asks, the heart rejoices, the heart breaks in half, the heart contracts; with a light heart, with with a pure heart, reluctantly; heart of gold, heart of stone and etc.
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These phraseological units denote a feeling, state, and spiritual qualities of a person.

11. The Bible describes the ancient Hebrew ritual of placing sins on an animal, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ then releasing it, driving it into the desert. What phraseological unit reflects this ritual?

Answer: scapegoat.

12. This one wide knife, sharpened on both sides and mounted on a long stick with a crossbar, was used in ancient times for bear hunting. What stable expression has preserved the name of this object?

Answer: get into trouble.

13. Tell us about the origin of phraseology charm one's teeth.

Answer: Expression charm one's teeth(deliberately distracting attention from something important) originally meant “to treat toothache with conspiracies,” that is, spells, divination.

14. Replace the phraseological unit with one word. Eg: have a conversation - have a conversation.

1) Bearish angle; 2) in the middle of nowhere; 3) stumbling block; 4) how to give it; 5) the chickens don’t peck; 6) some into the forest, some for firewood.

Answer:1) outback; 2) far; 3) difficulty; 4) for sure; 5) a lot; 6) discordant.

15. Give examples of phraseological units that came into the literary language:

1) from the speech of musicians and artists; 2) from the speech of sailors; 3) from the speech of carpenters; 4) from the speech of fishermen and hunters.

Answer:

1)Play first violin, leave the stage, get into tune. 2)Run aground, float with the flow, give up, take in tow, float to the surface, throw overboard. 3)Without a hitch, remove the shavings and cut them into walnuts. 4)Bite the hook, reel in the fishing rods, get into trouble, blank shot.

What are the types of phraseological units in terms of stylistic coloring? - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “What are the types of phraseological units from the point of view of stylistic coloring?” 2017, 2018.

Phraseological means of language, like vocabulary, are used in various functional styles and, accordingly, have one or another stylistic coloring.

The largest stylistic layer is colloquial phraseology ( without a year, a week, in all Ivanovo, you can’t spill water), it is used mainly in oral communication and in artistic speech. Close to colloquial colloquial phraseology, more reduced ( straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, in the middle of nowhere, rip your throat, turn up your nose).

Another stylistic layer forms book phraseology, which is used in book styles, mainly in written speech. As part of book phraseology we can distinguish scientific (center of gravity, thyroid, periodic table), journalistic (shock therapy, live broadcast, black Tuesday, law of the jungle), official business (minimum wage, consumer basket, testify, confiscation of property).

You can also select a layer commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book and colloquial speech (from time to time, each other, have meaning, keep in mind, keep your word. New Year). There are few such phraseological units. In emotionally expressive terms, all phraseological units can be divided into two groups. A large stylistic layer consists of phraseological units with a bright emotional and expressive coloring, which is due to their imagery, the use of expressive words in them linguistic means. Thus, phraseological units of a colloquial nature are colored in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous tones ( neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like snow on your head, out of the frying pan and into the fire); books have a sublime, solemn sound ( stain your hands with blood, die, elevate creations to pearls).

Another stylistic layer consists of phraseological units that are devoid of emotional and expressive coloring and are used in a strictly nominative function ( validate the ticket, Railway, military-industrial complex, explosive device, agenda). Such phraseological units are not characterized by imagery, they do not contain evaluation. Among phraseological units of this type there are many compound terms ( securities, foreign exchange transactions, specific gravity, magnetic needle, punctuation marks, viral flu). Like all terms, they are characterized by unambiguity; the words that form them have direct meanings.

24.Professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become commonly used. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. For example, in oral speech There are professionalisms among printers: ending- “graphic decoration at the end of the book”, tendril- “ending with a thickening in the middle”, tail- “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as the lower edge of the book, opposite the head of the book.”

As part of professional vocabulary, groups of words can be distinguished, different in their sphere of use: professionalisms used in the speech of athletes, miners, hunters, fishermen. Words that represent highly specialized names used in the field of technology are called technicalisms.

Particularly highlighted professional slang words that have a reduced expressive connotation. For example, engineers use the word sneaker in the meaning of “self-recording device”; in the speech of pilots there are words underdose And peremaz(undershooting and overshooting the landing sign), bubble, sausage— “balloon”; among journalists - snowdrop- “a person who works as a correspondent for a newspaper, but is employed in a different specialty”; what to call?- “how to title (article, essay)?”; add italics(in italics).

In reference books and specialized dictionaries, professionalisms are often enclosed in quotation marks so that they can be distinguished from terms (“ clogged» font - “font that remains for a long time in typed galleys or strips”; " stranger"font - "letters of a font of a different style or size that were mistakenly included in the typed text or heading").

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them; such words are called evaluative, or emotional-evaluative. For example, blond(negative assessment of the called concept).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that emotional coloring“superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it; the nominative function is often complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the named phenomenon. For example: disapproval (rallyism, nomenklatura, nouveau riche,stringless balalaika ‘ idle talker’), contempt (intellectual, sexot), irony ( political party, soothsayer, guardian, heavy artillery‘clumsy, slow people’), playfulness (drummer- in the minds of superstitious people: an invisible creature that appears in the house, providing help or harm; cab- the one who carries out transportation; muslin young lady- ‘ a pampered person not adapted to life’), dismissive(phraseologisms bottomless barrel- ‘a person who can drink a lot of alcohol without getting drunk’, treasure trove of wisdom extensive and deep knowledge, information’), swearing(dog, dog - about a person), solemnity, elevation (stainhands covered in blood, die, raise creatures to pearls).

The following three types can be distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary:

Words with a clear evaluative meaning are usually unambiguous: “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings” ( Kozhina M.N.). For example: words-characteristics:forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob , words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief

and etc. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used metaphorically. Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, bear; V figurative meaning

verbs used: saw, gnaw, hiss, dig, yawn, blink - and etc. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: concluding positive emotions son, sunshine, granny, be careful

, and negative - beard, fellow, bureaucrat etc. In addition to emotional and evaluative connotations, a word can also have expressive connotations. Expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression) - the degree of expression of feelings. For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful ; one might say I do not like , but you can also find the most powerful words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, proclaim ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant ). Particular expression distinguishes humorous words (), familiar ( good-looking, cute, whisper). Expressive shades delimit disapproving words ( pedant, ambitious, pretentious), dismissive ( paint, petty), contemptuous ( to whisper, toady), derogatory ( skirt, wimp), vulgar ( grabber, lucky), expletives ( boor, fool).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary.

By the nature and degree of expressive-stylistic coloring book words are not the same.

Scientific, official and business vocabulary is generally devoid of additional emotionally expressive evaluations, especially negative ones (joking, ironic, endearing, familiar, abusive, etc.).

The expressive and emotional coloring of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is more diverse. Thus, newspaper and journalistic vocabulary includes high words that give solemnity to speech (these are words such as, for example, good, proclaim, listen, inspired, sing, eyes, lips, fatherland, accomplishments, coming, for, so that and so on. (as we see, among the sublime vocabulary there are many outdated words). The area of ​​use of high vocabulary is some genres of poetry, as well as prose texts created on the occasion of any special events (cf., for example, anniversary articles and speeches), as well as emotionally expressive words expressing both positive and negative assessment of the so-called concepts. Book styles use ironic vocabulary ( beauty, words, quixoticism), contemptuous ( disguise, corrupt), disapproving ( pedantry, obscenity).

Among the colloquial words there may be words containing a positive assessment of the called concept ( hard worker, brainy, awesome), however, most colloquial words have a rude connotation and express the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts he denotes ( go crazy, flimsy, stupid), therefore the scope of their use is limited to such speech acts as quarrel, squabble, skirmish and some others (cf. words such as mug, mug, mug, bore, crazy, talker, bent, stunned and so on.).

The semantic-stylistic essence of colloquial words (especially roughly colloquial words) is obvious when compared with colloquial and inter-style words:

Use of stylistically colored vocabulary.

The stylistic coloring of a word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional assignment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. The mutual influence and interpenetration of styles characteristic of the modern development of the Russian language contributes to the movement of lexical means (along with other linguistic elements) from one of them to another. For example, in scientific works you can find journalistic vocabulary next to terms. As M.Z. Kozhina notes, “stylistics scientific speech characterized by expressiveness not only of a logical, but also an emotional level.” At the lexical level, this is achieved by using foreign-style vocabulary, including high and low.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign style vocabulary. You can often find terms in it. For example: " Canon 10 replaces five traditional office machines: it works likecomputer Fax , facsimile a machine that uses plain paperjet Printer (360 dpi),scanner Andphotocopier ). You can use the software included withCanon 10 to send and receivePC - fax messages directly from your computer screen"(from gas.).

Scientific, terminological vocabulary here may appear next to expressively colored colloquial vocabulary, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but helps to enhance its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment in a newspaper article: There are thirty-two laboratories at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: “Do not enter: experience!” But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here is a researcher picking up a corydalis. Turns it upside down with its paws. Such an appeal to foreign style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens newspaper speech and makes it more accessible to the reader.

The use of emotional and evaluative vocabulary in all cases is due to the peculiarities of the individual author’s manner of presentation. In book styles, reduced evaluative vocabulary can be used. Publicists, scientists, and even criminologists writing for newspapers find in it a source of enhancing the effectiveness of speech. Here is an example of mixing styles in an information note about a traffic accident:

Having slid into a ravine, the Ikarus ran into an old mine

A bus with Dnepropetrovsk shuttles was returning from Poland. Exhausted from the long journey, the people were sleeping. At the entrance to the Dnepropetrovsk region, the driver also dozed off. The Ikarus, which lost control, went off the road and fell into a ravine. The car flipped over the roof and froze. The blow was strong, but everyone survived. (...) It turned out that in the ravine “Ikarus” ran into a heavy mortar mine... The “rusty death”, torn out of the ground, rested right on the bottom of the bus. The sappers waited a long time.

(From newspapers.)

Colloquial and even colloquial words, as we see, coexist with official business and professional vocabulary.

The author of a scientific work has the right to use emotional vocabulary with vivid expression if he seeks to influence the reader’s feelings (And freedom, and space, nature, the beautiful surroundings of the city, and these fragrant ravines and swaying fields, and pink spring and golden autumn weren’t our educators ? Call me a barbarian in pedagogy, but from the impressions of my life I have drawn the deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such a huge educational influence on the development of a young soul that it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher - K. D. Ushinsky). Even formal business style can include high and low words if the topic evokes strong emotions.

The use of other style elements must be justified.

Stylistically marked and expressive-evaluative words and phraseological units can perform the following functions:

Express your assessment.

High vocabulary can be used in artistic or journalistic text to create a comic effect. For example: “And so this loyal guardian unexpected for everyone around inflamed unbridled passion for good, which he was called upon to guard” (from a newspaper feuilleton).

Describe the hero's speech.

In fiction, colloquial vocabulary is used to characterize characters in speech. In the author's speech, it is used when the narration is conducted as if from the character's point of view; Wed this form of use of colloquial vocabulary in the works of M. Zoshchenko: “Recently, a fight occurred in our communal apartment. And not just a fight, but whole the battle. They fought, of course, from the bottom of their hearts. The last one for the disabled Gavrilov head near chopped off."

Another example. St. Petersburg worker twenty-five thousandth Davydov - one of the main characters in M. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” - often, on various occasions and without reason, repeats the word fact. On the one hand, it replaces the word Certainly or really, on the other hand, it seems to confirm what he or the interlocutor said, the rightness of the speaker. As an example, we can cite Davydov’s remarks in different situations: I see many of my mistakes, but I don’t correct them all right away, that’s my problem, it’s a fact; We missed an important point, and I, of course, am also very guilty here, it’s a fact; It’s not good, it’s even a shame, it’s a fact; He’s painfully calculating, it’s a fact; I'm trying fresh cucumbers for the first time this year. Good, nothing to say, fact.

Vocabulary with reduced style. coloring