The role of green spaces in the city. Green spaces: what they are, types and role

Planting trees and shrubs is one of the decisive stages in creating landscaping objects. In garden and park construction, planting work is carried out in strict accordance with design and estimate documentation according to special planting drawings drawn up on the basis of the master plan and dendro project (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. An example of a planting drawing for part of a landscaping object.

With the help of planting drawings and lists of planting material, the assortment of plants, their number, size and age, sources of production, planting sites, methods of carrying out the project into nature, the size of planting holes and pits, and the need for a plant-nutrient soil mixture for planting are determined.

Sources for obtaining planting material are nurseries of trees and shrubs of ornamental species, forest nurseries in suburban areas, plantings from building sites intended for transplanting to other landscaping objects, etc. Sources for obtaining planting material for landscaping are examined in advance, and construction of access roads to places where plants are grown is planned.

In accordance with the purpose of the landscaping object or its planning element, planting material of various ages and sizes is used.

When creating wooded areas of a forest nature in large parks, forest parks, and recreation areas, one- to two-year-old seedlings and three- to four-year-old seedlings are used. Planting is carried out using forest planting methods with the help of forest planting machines with the placement of plants ensuring the mechanization of work on caring for plantings.

When creating groves, curtains, groups of plantings in gardens and parks, residential buildings, as well as strips on residential streets of small towns and villages, standard seedlings of trees and shrubs aged 4-12 years are used.

When landscaping highways, public centers, squares, large trees aged 15-20 years are used; landing is carried out in accordance with the project and strictly permanent places. Planting technology should help maintain the plant in a physiologically active state and rapid recovery organism after landing in a new place. The most optimal times for planting are spring and autumn, when the plants are in a natural leafless state or in a state of reduced activity of the physiological processes of the plant body. Planting work is carried out in stages over a certain period of time and is divided into work on preparing plants for transplantation in the nursery, associated with digging up seedlings, their packaging, installation for transportation to sites; replanting work, including loading onto vehicles, transportation to planting sites, direct planting into pre-prepared planting holes, pits or trenches; work on post-planting care of plants during the survival period, which lasts 2-3 years from the moment of planting.

Great value For the normal functioning of plants after planting, they have planting density and distances between trees and shrubs. The project must properly provide for planting plants in permanent places. The distances between plants in city gardens and parks when planting in massifs should be 3.5-6 m. In strips on streets, in squares, in residential areas, trees are placed so that during growth and development their crowns can develop freely in space and not oppress each other as adults; At the same time, it is recommended to place wide-crowned trees at a distance of 4-8 m, and narrow-crowned trees - 2.5-5 m from each other. It is necessary to take into account the norms for planting trees and shrubs per unit area of ​​the site, depending on its purpose, as well as the natural and climatic conditions of the area. Modern landscaping standards provide and consider it sufficient to place 90-150 trees per 1 hectare of green area of ​​the facility public use. The ratio of trees and shrubs is on average 1:7 – 1:10. All types of transplanted plants and categories of planting material require certain sizes of planting sites depending on the size of the root systems of the seedlings. Planting depth is essential for a number of plant species.

Post-planting care of trees and shrubs is a system of measures aimed at restoring the vital functions of plants after transplantation and accelerating the process of adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions. Woody plants transplanted from nurseries into urban environments find themselves in extremely unfavorable habitat conditions. They are exposed to a wide variety of environmental factors - insufficient or excessive lighting due to shading or vice versa, being in an open place, local winds or drafts, increased air temperature as a result of heating the asphalt, air pollution, soil compaction. Post-planting care measures should, first of all, be aimed at restoring the plant organism and eliminating the adverse effects of the external environment. The main attention should be paid to caring for the root system of the plant by introducing growth stimulants into the root system zone simultaneously with watering. During the season, plants need to be watered 7-10 times, depending on the weather. In dry and hot weather, along with watering, the above-ground parts of plants should be irrigated, which helps clean the leaves from dirt and increase the intensity of photosynthesis.

Weeding and loosening the surface around planted plants are important post-planting care measures. Loosening helps to interrupt the rise of water through the capillaries of the soil from the root layer, enhance the air and water permeability of the soil surface, and destroy weeds.

The period of survival of plants and restoration of their vital activity after transplantation may be different for different types of plants. Post-planting care should be aimed at reducing the survival time of plants; the criterion for survival is the formation of stable shoots of plants, the growth of leaves, their lush green color, the timeliness of the plant entering the dormant period, the intensive growth of shoots on next year, ripening of their wood in autumn.

When caring for trees and shrubs in landscaping areas, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the air and soil environment. Mineral nutrition of plants, use of biologically active chemicals, holding agrotechnical care taking into account the characteristics of crown growth and development of root systems, they make it possible to improve the water and air regime and metabolism of plants, and ensure their viable state. Providing plants with missing nutrients occurs through the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Fertilizers are applied by surface spreading, locally, into wells 20-25 cm deep, 4-5 cm in diameter, 3-5 pieces per 1 m2 of trunk surface, and also in the form of liquid mineral fertilizers.

In addition to applying fertilizers, they systematically carry out watering and mulching, loosening tree trunk areas, and insulating root systems for the winter. These measures are applied in the first years after planting as plants adapt to new conditions.

Caring for the aboveground part of plants consists of measures to care for the tree trunk, pruning branches and shoots of plants in order to form the crown and its improvement.

Preserving plantings in a viable state in an urbanized environment at various landscaping sites is one of the main tasks of organizing urban green management. The solution to this problem is based on the development of rational care techniques and the introduction of advanced technologies. Agricultural technology for caring for urban plantings should be differentiated, flexible, taking into account the biological and environmental requirements of plants based on preliminary diagnosis of their quality condition.

Construction and maintenance of lawns, flower beds and gardening structures

Cultivated lawn is an artificial turf cover created by growing various types herbs, mainly perennial cereal species. There are three types of cultivated lawns:

· sports, organized at stadiums, hippodromes, tennis courts, playgrounds;

· special, arranged at airfields, highway slopes and railways, hydraulic structures;

· decorative, created at landscaping sites - in gardens, parks, public gardens, boulevards, forest parks, at residential and industrial sites.

Decorative lawns They are divided into parterre, ordinary or garden, meadow or mixed, flowering.

Parterre lawns arranged in the foreground of landscape gardening compositions, at entrances to public places, around monuments, etc. such a lawn is usually created from one or two types of grass, which form a homogeneous grass stand.

Ordinary garden lawns make up the largest part of the turf cover of gardens and parks. The turf of such a lawn must be tensile and resistant to damage. To create such a lawn, cereal grasses with various types of tillering are used: rhizomatous, loose-bush and rhizome-loose-bush. In this case, mixtures of three to five types of herbs are used.

Meadow lawns arranged on large areas of parks and forest parks, as a rule, by improving existing grass stands of natural origin.

There are several ways to create lawns depending on their purpose:

· sowing seeds lawn grass on the prepared surface;

· hydroseeding – applying seeds to the prepared surface in the form of special solutions;

· sod or laying of rolled sod on the prepared surface.

Flower beds are one of the main means decorative design squares, approaches to public buildings, entrances to landscaping objects, as well as the objects themselves - gardens, squares, boulevards. They are created according to the principle of landscape or regular composition. Flower beds of landscape composition include groups, arrays, flowering lawns, usually created from perennial plants various forms and sizes. Flower beds of regular composition are parterres, stripes, flower beds, borders, usually located on streets, driveways, squares, and near public buildings.

Flower beds like effective technique landscaping areas can manifest themselves fully only if all the rules and norms of agricultural technology for cultivating plants are followed. Are of great importance environmental features growing plants, as well as soil and climatic conditions of the area.

Gardening structures and equipment are designed to create the greatest comfort for visitors during their stay at the site, for the detailed improvement of individual, most interesting places, as well as for the decoration of green areas.

They should be as necessary as possible for visitors, comfortable and perfect in design and form, complement or shade existing green spaces. Gardening structures and equipment are divided into:

· small architectural forms - park utilitarian and engineering structures intended both for direct service to visitors, and for the artistic design of a landscape garden object and to reflect the expressiveness of the relief - the features of the vertical layout of the territory;

· water devices or hydraulic structures that perform important function in the compositional design of a landscape gardening facility with possible utilitarian use;

· gardening equipment – ​​elements of an object for utilitarian use and artistic performance.

The composition of structures, the list of equipment, and its rational placement depend on the size, purpose and planning features of the gardening facility. City parks and gardens contain all types of structures and equipment. At small objects, especially transit squares and boulevards, the simplest equipment is used: benches, trash cans, vases, lamps, guard booths, kiosks. Suitable recreational areas and forest parks use the same equipment as in city parks, but made from waste wood materials, and it well emphasizes the natural forest landscape. The construction of structures is carried out according to specially developed projects. According to the working drawings of the vertical layout of the facility, ramps, retaining walls, and slopes are arranged. Currently, standard designs of structures and equipment are widely used, according to which the production of prefabricated elements that can be easily assembled in finished goods at the installation site. However, park facilities and equipment also require individual projects, creating their own unique appearance of the object.

Preparing the area. The area where it is planned to create green spaces must be cleared of debris, residues building materials. Small organic debris (sawdust, shavings, leaves) can be mixed with plant soil. Trees and shrubs suitable for replanting should be dug up for future use. Preserved vegetation (trees, shrubs, lawn) must be protected from damage: fencing, tying tree trunks, tying the crowns of shrubs, cutting and storing grass with further care (shading and watering). Vertical planning of the territory, engineering and planning work must be completed before planting begins. The layout of the seats must be carried out in accordance with the landscaping drawing and planting list.

Soil preparation. The vertical planning project determines the amount of necessary plant soil needed to fill planting holes when planting plants and to create a fertile layer of soil when laying lawns. The suitability of plant soil for landscaping must be established by laboratory tests: soil density from 0.9 to 1.2 g/cm2, content of a sufficient amount nutrients, absence of weeds and debris. Soils found in urban landscaping sites can be divided into 5 groups:

1. natural fertile soil that does not require the addition of plant soil,
2. soils that require the addition of plant soil up to 25% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 10 cm)
3. soils that require the addition of plant soil up to 50% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 15 cm)
4. soils that require the addition of plant soil up to 75% of the volume (lawn base layer - 20 cm)
5. soils that need complete replacement (the base layer of the lawn is 20 cm, while the average need for plant soil is 2.0 thousand m3 per hectare of green area)

Improving or restoring soil fertility in areas allocated for landscaping should be provided for in each case by a specific project. To improve the mechanical composition of plant soil, various additives are added: sand, peat, lime, etc. To improve the fertility of plant soil, organic and mineral fertilizers. The application rates of mineral fertilizers should be determined
the fertility of existing soils and their type. The applied mineral fertilizers must be balanced in composition; since the more nitrogen the soil contains, the more phosphorus and potassium there must be, otherwise they will be inaccessible to plants. The effect of nitrogen fertilizers lasts for 3-4 years, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers - 5-8 years.

Soil acidity is important, since the attitude of different plant species to it is different. Most deciduous plants prefer a slightly acidic reaction environment (pH = 5.6-6.4); conifers - moderately acidic (pH = 4.6).

In case of possible flooding of green spaces, a drainage system is necessary. It is prohibited to use pure peat as plant soil.

Soil salinity with chlorides as a result of the use of de-icing reagents should not exceed 7 mg/100 g of soil (0.007%).

Preparing seats. The dimensions of the seats are set depending on the size of the root systems in accordance with the technical specifications. Holes and trenches for planting trees and shrubs must be dug in advance (at least 2-3 hours before planting).

Pits intended for winter planting of large-sized planting material with a frozen ball are recommended to be prepared in advance: in the fall or early winter.

The pits for seedling trees are made round in cross-section and cylindrical in volume. The walls of the pits must be vertical. When digging holes and pits, as well as trenches, the top layer of soil is folded in one direction, and the lower layers in the opposite direction.

To create hedges, prepare trenches (grooves) 0.5-0.6 m deep at a distance of at least 0.8-1.0 m from the outer edge of the alley, fence or border of the planted area. On average per 1 linear per meter of trench, 3-4 bushes are planted. The trenches under the hedge are filled with plant soil to 3/4 of the volume, the rest of the soil is stored nearby.

To plant shrubs in groups, you should create a common pit, which is completely filled with plant soil with a reserve for settlement.

It is recommended to loosen the bottom of holes, pits, and trenches before backfilling in order to improve the contact of the poured soil with the subsoil horizons. At high level standing groundwater(over 1.5 m) the depth of the seats should be increased by an average of 20 cm and poured onto this value a layer of sand and gravel or small crushed stone for drainage purposes. We use coarse sand as sand, and crushed stone - broken bricks and granite fragments. Crushed stone fractions should be within 2-4 cm.

For planting vines ( vertical gardening) dig trenches or separate holes along the planting line, retreating 0.3-0.4 m from the supports or walls. The planting sites are filled with loose plant soil with the addition of humus or compost and mineral fertilizers. If it is impossible to plant vines in the ground (proximity to underground utilities, basements, etc.), special boxes should be made at least 0.5 m wide and 0.4-0.5 m deep with a drainage device for water drainage.

Requirements for planting material. Planting material of trees and shrubs for landscaping must meet the requirements established state standard(GOST 24909-81 as amended from 01/01/88, GOST 25-769-83 as amended from 01/01/89, GOST 26869-86).

Seedlings used for landscaping populated areas must have a symmetrical crown, a straight trunk, a healthy, well-developed root system, and no mechanical damage or signs of disease and pest damage. Currently, seedlings with a closed root system are most preferred. The use of planting material from forest plantations and forest crops is prohibited. When using seedlings from other areas and regions, each batch of plants must be accompanied by a certificate State Inspectorate on plant quarantine (quarantine certificate).

The height of seedlings is measured from the root collar to the apical bud, and the height of the trunk is measured from the root collar to the lower skeletal branch; The diameter of the trunk is measured at a height of 1.3 m from the root collar.

Planting trees and shrubs. The most optimal time for planting: spring or autumn.

Saplings with an open root system are planted in spring and autumn, when the plants are in a state of natural dormancy. Spring planting is carried out from the moment the soil thaws and warms up until the plant begins to grow (buds open). Autumn planting begins from the moment of massive leaf fall (leaf fall) until the onset of stable frosts. Coniferous plants They take root better when planted in spring (March - April) or early autumn (August - early September).

Plants with a closed root system can be planted throughout the growing season. When planting plants during the growing season, the following requirements must be observed:

• It is better to plant on cool cloudy days or morning and evening hours day;
• After planting, plants must be shaded and watered regularly

Summer tree replanting at temperatures above +25° C is not carried out. Planting trees and shrubs with a frozen ball in winter period allowed at temperatures not lower than -15°C.

Trees should not be planted nearby engineering communications. Water and sewer pipes due to high humidity, they easily become overgrown with roots and wear out quickly. Therefore, it is better if these communications are located outside the projection of the plant crowns.

It is not recommended to plant lindens, Norway maples, common and Hungarian lilacs, and Tatarian honeysuckle near heating mains. At a distance of 1 - 2 m from the heating main, you can plant elm, yellow acacia, common hawthorn, and cotoneaster; 3 - 4 m - balsam poplar, derain; 4 - 5 m - Siberian larch, English oak, lilac, more than 6 m - downy birch, small-leaved linden.

Trees and shrubs should be planted in accordance with the existing rules and regulations in construction, in particular, the distances from the walls of the building and various structures to the planting site are regulated

Notes:
1. The given standards apply to trees with a crown diameter of no more than 5 m and should be increased accordingly for trees of larger diameter
2. When planting trees and shrubs near the external walls of buildings, structures, and child care institutions, it is necessary to comply with the standard levels of insolation and natural light

Caring for plants after planting. After planting, seedlings of trees and shrubs are watered abundantly, based on existing watering standards, ensuring the saturation of the root layer with moisture to the optimum humidity - up to 60% of the full field moisture capacity. For a shrub seedling 3-4 years old: 5-10 liters; for a tree aged 6-10 years: 30-40 liters per plant. After watering, the plants are straightened strictly vertically; any subsidence and “holes” that have arisen are eliminated by adding earth, followed by light compaction.

After watering and “training” the seedlings, the surface of the hole is “mulched” in order to reduce the evaporation process and preserve moisture in the root layer. Peat compost or crushed bark is used as mulch. woody plants(pine) in a layer of 5-6 cm. Later - during spring, summer, autumn - trunk circles it is necessary to constantly loosen to a depth of no more than 5-6 cm. This helps eliminate excessive evaporation of moisture from the root layer of the soil and improve the water and air permeability of the soil. From time to time it is recommended to add plant soil mixed with peat in a layer of 4-6 cm.

Along with watering, the above-ground parts of plants should be irrigated by finely spraying the leaves with water (at a consumption rate of 2 l/m2 of leaf surface). Coniferous plants are washed in the spring the next year after planting to wash away accumulated dust and dirt.

Green spaces in the city and in the country, distinguished by their enormous diversity, perform a variety of functions depending on their purpose. Before planting plants in the city or in the country, it is necessary to study their main varieties, functions and roles.

Park trees protect from the scorching sun, purify the air and decorate alley paths.

Types of green spaces

TO green spaces include any collection of grasses, trees and shrubs located in the same area. Planting can be carried out for different purposes, so there are several types of green spaces depending on their purpose:

• parks in the city are a collection of a large number of plants and several structures intended for recreation and walking;
• stadiums include large number buildings, including those intended for classes different types sports or active recreation;
• children's parks usually have a smaller area and are intended for children's recreation;
• botanical gardens are not only places for recreation, but also for conducting research work;
• amusement parks include large number entertainment complexes located among plantings of trees and shrubs;
• museum parks are places of recreation and accommodation various items art (sculptures, stones, models);
• plantings in the city - planting trees and shrubs near the roadway and buildings, protecting from noise and dust;
• boulevards are located next to embankments, residential streets and are plantings with a fairly large width and length;
• public gardens are usually plantings that occupy a small area;
• city ​​gardens are created for the recreation of city residents.

Separately, we should highlight green plantings in the courtyards of residential buildings, which make the air in apartments cleaner and are also excellent places for children and adults to relax. All green spaces can be divided into suburban and intracity. Plantings of the first type are created taking into account the further development of cities; they often include economic facilities (nursery, farm). Often, plantings are located around the entire city, purifying the air and giving residents the opportunity to relax in nature. Many of the listed types of landscaping perform similar functions.

Purpose of green spaces

Based on the purpose, the classification of green plantings includes the following types: general use, limited use and special purpose. The first group includes sets of plants intended for any city resident: a recreation park, an amusement park, a nature reserve, a square, a boulevard, a park-museum and other publicly accessible landscaping places. In such places they are very often held various kinds public events, rallies, celebrations, competitions, city events, sports activities, political events. In addition, public green spaces protect the air from dust and other harmful substances, allow you to hide from strong sunlight, make city streets more beautiful and pleasant to walk.

Trees along the route “absorb” harmful substances and protect cars from strong and sudden gusts of wind.

Green spaces, the use of which is limited, are usually located on the territory of any institutions, including schools, kindergartens, hospitals, sanatoriums, sports complexes, closed courtyards or neighborhoods, clubs, and research institutes. In such places, physical education classes are often held, places for recreation, games or treatment are organized.

Green spaces for special purposes include areas located near factories and industrial buildings, highways, nurseries, gardens, to protect the city from the adverse effects of harmful substances released during production, vehicle exhaust gases, and to perform a fire-fighting or reclamation function.

Plant varieties and types of green spaces depend on the specific purpose of planting. Thanks to special green spaces, the impact of harmful substances is significantly reduced, water bodies do not evaporate as much, and become less dangerous strong wind, sand and snow storms, but fire, noise and smoke do not spread. Often such plantings become a beautiful and useful part of the overall landscape.

A competent choice of types of green plantings for each area, their combination and care can significantly improve the condition of the plantings and their durability.

The classification of urban green spaces allows us to understand how protected the city is from harmful influences and how comfortable it is for recreation. The degree of greening of a city is calculated based on the number of public green spaces. A city in which there is about 25 m2 of plantings per resident is considered favorable for living.

Functions of green spaces

It is very difficult to identify the main role of green spaces, because they perform a huge number of useful functions. Microclimatic conditions in and around residential buildings are significantly improved thanks to greenery. In schoolyards and children's parks, children can play on fresh air with each other, play sports, which has a beneficial effect on their development. Thanks to green areas, city streets are protected from noise and dirt coming from industrial enterprises. The air around roads becomes cleaner.

Particular attention is paid to public green spaces, since their number should be strictly proportional to the number of residents of a particular area. In addition, such plantings should be located evenly throughout the city. Plantings are created taking into account the location of residential buildings, so that every city resident has the opportunity to relax among trees and other plants.

In addition to the sanitary function, the aesthetic one also plays a significant role, because nothing decorates city streets like green trees, herbs and shrubs. Up close office buildings Trees are often deliberately planted to give workers the opportunity to take a break from the office and spend time among green spaces. This helps to improve a person’s well-being and performance.

Thanks to planting, air humidity becomes more optimal and noise becomes much less. To protect against the release of harmful gases, special tree species that are resistant to this kind of pollution are usually used. Such trees include willows, oaks, aspens, maples, and apple trees. The strength and direction of the wind can also be controlled by plantings, which should be massive enough to protect residential buildings.

There are many phytoncidal tree and shrub species that destroy harmful bacteria or stop their spread and growth. Important role green plantings play a role in city planning, because with their help you can separate different areas from each other.

Often, when architecturally planning a block, plantings that can fit organically into it are taken into account. Greenery near sports fields improves well-being, because the air becomes saturated with oxygen.

If you correctly combine the decorative and ecological functions of green spaces, the city will become favorable for living, and the air will always be fresh and clean.

Household plots

Not only city residents, but also city owners want to surround themselves with beautiful and useful trees. country houses. Green plantings are the basis of the landscape of any site. To competently create a garden, it is necessary to foresee its general layout in advance in order to take into account the type of soil, degree of illumination and humidity of each area, because not all plants are unpretentious in such matters.

Particular attention should be paid to trees; usually they are planted first after purchasing a plot, because several years must pass before the tree gains growth and beauty. The stronger the trees become, the less maintenance they require, which is very convenient for residents country house. Of course, most often preference is given to fruit-bearing tree species, because they not only look beautiful during flowering, but also bring benefits. However, there are a number of species that are often used to decorate open spaces: juniper, pine, linden, fir, oak. Tree species should be selected taking into account the size of the area that is planned to be landscaped. It should be taken into account that over the years the trees will significantly increase their size, so there should be no wires nearby that they can touch. For the same reason, you should not plant large tree species too close to each other. Even a free-standing tree will look very beautiful on the site.

Shrubs are very popular among home owners. Many people use them as hedges or as a means of marking different areas of their property. Shrubs require a little more care, since it is necessary to form a crown the desired shape so that they do not grow chaotically. Often shrubs are used simply as part of the decor; roses, hydrangeas and Philadelphians perform this function perfectly.

Wherever plantings are created, they necessarily become an integral part of the landscape, which purifies the air, eliminates noise and becomes a wonderful decoration of the urban or suburban landscape.

Sanitary and hygienic functions of green spaces

Green spaces purify city air from dust and gases. This process works as follows. The polluted air flow, encountering a green area on its way, slows down the speed, as a result of which, under the influence of gravity, 60-70% of the dust contained in the air settles on trees and shrubs. A certain amount of dust falls out of the air flow, colliding with trunks, branches, and leaves. A significant part of the dust settles on the surface of leaves, needles, branches, and trunks. When it rains, this dust is washed onto the ground.
Under green spaces, due to temperature differences, downward air currents arise, which also carry dust to the ground.
The spread or movement of dust is prevented not only by trees and shrubs, but also by lawns, which retard the forward movement of dust driven by the wind from different places.
Among green spaces, dust content in the air is 2-3 times less than in open urban areas. Tree plantations reduce air dust even in the absence of leaf cover. In the depths of the green massif, at a distance of 250 m from its edge, dust content decreases by 2.5 times.
Dust retention properties various breeds trees and shrubs are not the same and depend on the morphological characteristics of the leaves. Rough leaves and leaves whose surface is covered with villi, like lilacs, retain dust best.
If we take the amount of dust retained by 1 cm2 of the surface of a poplar leaf as 1, then the amount of dust retained by the same area leaf of Norway maple will be 2, lilac 3, elm 6. Dust settled on the leaves is periodically washed off by rain, blown away by the wind, and the leaves again able to trap dust.

2. Gas-protective role of green spaces

Green spaces significantly reduce the harmful concentration of gases in the air. For example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides emitted industrial enterprises, decreases at a distance of 1 km from the emission site to 0.7 mg/m3, and in the presence of green spaces to 0.13 mg/m3. Harmful gases are absorbed by plants, and particulate aerosol particles settle on the leaves, trunks and branches of plants.
Green spaces located in the path of the flow of polluted air break up the initial concentrated flow into different directions. Thus, harmful emissions are diluted clean air, and their concentration in the air decreases.
It should be noted that the gas-protective role of green spaces is largely determined by the degree of their gas resistance.
Low-damage species include elm (rough and smooth), prickly spruce, willow, ash maple, aspen, poplar (Berlin, balsam, Canadian and black), Siberian apple, yellow acacia, Siberian hawthorn, wild cherry, viburnum, black currant , common lilac; Moderately damaged - warty birch, Engelmann spruce, Siberian larch, mountain ash, basket willow, Tatarian maple, etc. Plants with an increased intensity of photosynthesis have less resistance to gases. Of the grasses, meadow fescue has the greatest resistance to gases, and white bentgrass has the least resistance. Top dressing nitrogen fertilizers, as well as liming, which improve the water regime of soils, significantly increase the resistance of plants to gases.
Another special feature of green spaces is that, as a result of photosynthesis, they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. On average, 1 hectare of green space absorbs 8 liters of carbon dioxide in 1 hour (i.e., as much carbon dioxide as 200 people emit during this time). Different species of trees and shrubs have different rates of photosynthesis and therefore release different amounts of oxygen. A tree with more leaf mass releases more oxygen.
The effect of green spaces on reducing the concentration of gases in the air also depends on the density of their planting. Observations have shown that among dense, windproof plantings of trees and shrubs located near sources of dust and gas emissions into the atmosphere, air stagnation is created, resulting in pockets of increased concentrations of air pollution. Therefore, well-ventilated plantings in group openwork plantings should be created near emission sources.
Green spaces can protect buildings from dust and gases only if they are located between the source of pollution and the building.

3. Windproof role of green spaces

In design practice, there is often a need to protect urban buildings from unfavorable winds. In this case, across the main wind flow, they arrange protective stripes green spaces.
Air movement reduces effective temperatures, which refers to a person’s sensation of heat at a certain state of the atmosphere. For example, air saturated with moisture at a temperature of 20°C and a wind speed of 3 m/s is equivalent in thermal sensation to still air at a temperature of 14°C. The protective role of green strips is determined by their density and location, as well as the type of development. Green spaces even of relatively small height and planting density have windproof properties.
The wind-protective effect of a narrow green strip, consisting of eight rows of trees 15-17 m high, is noted at a distance of 300-600 m. In this zone, the wind speed is 25-30% of the original.
It has been established that to reduce wind speeds, it is sufficient to have green stripes 20-30 m wide located at certain distances from each other. In the depths of the forest, at a distance of 120-240 m, there is complete calm. The most effective are openwork protective strips, allowing up to 40% of the wind of the entire flow to pass through them. Small gaps are allowed among green lanes for travel and passages, which practically do not reduce the windproof properties of green spaces.
If the protected area is large, plantings of an openwork configuration are evenly placed on it so that they are across the wind flow, which helps to uniformly reduce the wind speed throughout the entire area.

4. Phytoncidal effect of green spaces

Most plants secrete volatile and non-volatile substances - phytoncides, which have the ability to kill pathogenic bacteria harmful to humans or inhibit their development. For example, phytoncides of oak leaves destroy the causative agent of dysentery. Pronounced phytoncidal trees and shrubs include birch, oak, poplar, and bird cherry. More than 500 species of trees are known to have phytoncidal properties.
Coniferous species produce especially a lot of phytoncides; 1 hectare of juniper releases 30 kg of volatile substances per day. A large amount of phytoncides (20-25 kg) are released by pine and spruce. Thanks to the ability of plants to release phytoncides, the air in parks contains 200 times less bacteria than the air in the streets.

4. Influence of plantings on thermal conditions

The air temperature among green spaces, especially in hot weather, is significantly lower than in open areas. Green spaces, protecting the soil and surfaces of building walls from direct solar irradiation, protect them from severe overheating and thereby from increasing air temperature. For example, the air temperature in Moscow above the lawn is 4°C lower than above asphalt pavement sidewalk. The air temperature inside the green area is on average 2-3° C lower than inside the city block.
The temperature of forest soil is usually lower than the ambient air temperature.
Plants with large leaves, which reflect a significant part of the energy without absorbing and thus help reduce the amount of solar energy.
In a green area solar heating The leaves are mainly exposed to the upper parts of the crowns of trees and shrubs, as well as lawns.
The highest air temperatures are typical for the central parts of the city, which have a high density of buildings and extensive surfaces of streets and squares with asphalt or other hard surfaces. How bigger city, the greater the difference in air temperatures in the city in open areas and in green areas.
Softening effect on summer temperature regime green spaces also have an impact on the nearest (within 100 m) areas of the city. It was found that within a radius of up to 100 m near the green massif, the air temperature is 1 - 1.5 ° C lower than in open areas remote from the massif. This occurs due to increased circulation of air masses near green spaces. More warm air in an open, insolated area it rises, and is replaced by the colder one from the neighboring green massifs.
Green spaces also have a great influence on improving the radiation regime in the city. The voltage of total radiation (direct and diffuse) in an open urban area on sunny days can reach large values, and among the green spaces of the city this voltage decreases by 7 times.
The degree of mitigation of the radiation regime in green areas compared to open spaces is influenced by the size of the green area, as well as the density of plantings of trees and shrubs. Small areas of green space and sparse tree plantings slightly reduce air temperatures. The difference in air temperatures among such plantings and in areas devoid of greenery is extremely negligible.
The effectiveness of green spaces per level solar radiation is expressed not so much in absolute value radiation temperature, how much is the radiation-temperature difference between shaded green spaces and areas open to the sun.
It should be borne in mind that the softening effect of green spaces on the radiation regime is manifested only if the area is ventilated. On lawns surrounded on all sides by tall and dense plantings, as well as on wide alleys, where the distance between tree species does not exceed twice the height of the trees, i.e. in cases where there are obstacles to air movement, the temperature can be significantly higher than on open places.
In clearings in a park or forest, in large cutting areas and even clearings, where the distance between tree species exceeds two tree heights, a contrasting microclimate is observed, characterized by pockets of elevated temperatures during the day and lakes of cold at night. This feature is explained by the fact that during the day a large amount of solar energy enters these places under conditions of better transparency and less dust compared to open place air exchange. At night, due to the same reasons, energetic heat radiation occurs with strong cooling of the air and soil, which is often accompanied by dew.
During the cold season, the surface of tree trunks maintains temperature. This circumstance, with a certain density of tree plantations, should have a moderating effect on the winter microclimate, especially in connection with the attenuation of the wind in green areas.
The walls of buildings, strongly heated by the sun's rays, emit significant amounts of heat and sharply increase the radiation temperature near them: at a distance of 3-4 m it reaches 60-73°C. Therefore, paths and sidewalks should be located no closer than 4 m from the building line. The optimal distance is 8-12 m.
The effectiveness of the influence of green spaces on the regulation of the thermal regime in the city is determined by the following basic conditions: green spaces must form a system that includes all types of green spaces (planting trees, shrubs, lawns), since each of them performs certain functions. The radius of influence of green spaces on the surrounding development is insignificant, therefore it is necessary that green spaces be introduced directly into the development. The best option is the placement of buildings among green spaces;
the placement of green spaces in the form of rare oases, characteristic of old, already established cities, does not meet modern requirements;
the area of ​​green spaces in cities should be quite large, since in small squares and parks the temperature and air purity are practically no different from the temperature and air purity of the adjacent urban areas;
The density of plantings of trees and shrubs should provide shading of at least 50% of the occupied area.

6. The influence of green spaces on air humidity

When heated, the surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs evaporates a large amount of moisture into the air. Thus, one well-developed beech evaporates about 0.6 tons of water per day.
If we take the relative humidity on the street to be 100%, then in a residential area with landscaping the humidity will be 116%, on the boulevard -205%, in the park - 204%. An increase in humidity by 15% is perceived by the body as a decrease in temperature by 3.5°C.
It is known that 600 μcal of heat is needed to evaporate 1 liter of water. Consequently, 1 hectare of oak trees absorbs 15,600 kcal/day. This process helps to reduce the temperature in the lower layers of the crown by 3-5°C (compared to the ambient temperature).
High humidity air from green spaces can spread to adjacent insolated open spaces.
It has been established that air humidity can increase by 30% in an area located at a distance of 500 m from the green area. Even narrow strips of trees and shrubs (10.5 m) already at a distance of 600 m increase air humidity by 8% compared to the open area . The humidity regime among green spaces in hot weather is favorable, relaxed and does not have sharp fluctuations, as in irradiated open areas.

7. The influence of green spaces on the formation of winds

Green spaces promote education air flow. It goes like this. On hot days, the heated air of urban buildings rises, and in its place comes colder air from green areas. Such air currents are formed when the temperature difference is at least 5°C and the pressure difference is at least 0.7 mm Hg. Art. Most often they occur on the outskirts of the city. On cool days, air currents are not created. The depth of penetration of air currents into urban development depends on its nature. With dense perimeter development, air currents quickly weaken; with loose development, they penetrate much further into the city.

8. The importance of green spaces in the fight against noise

Green spaces located between noise sources (transport highways, electric trains, etc.) and residential buildings, recreation areas and sports grounds reduce noise levels by 5-10%. The crowns of deciduous trees absorb 26% of the sound energy falling on them. Well developed shrubs and tree species with a dense crown on an area 30-40 m wide can reduce noise levels by 17 - 23 dB, small squares and intra-block plantings with rare trees- by 4-7 dB. Large forested areas reduce noise levels from aircraft engines by 22-56% compared to an open area at the same distance. The presence of grass also helps to reduce the level by 5-7 backgrounds.
However, if the location of green spaces is incorrect in relation to sound sources, you can get the opposite effect, i.e., increase the noise level where it is required to reduce it. This can happen when planting trees with a dense crown along the axis of a busy street. traffic. In this case, green spaces will act as a screen, reflecting sound waves towards residential buildings and recreational and sports areas.

Decorative and planning functions of green spaces

Background information

Depending on local conditions, fruit trees are planted in spring, autumn and winter. Spring and autumn plantings are possible in any year, and winter plantings only under favorable weather conditions.

The choice of planting dates is determined biological features crops, soil and climate conditions of the zone, degree of resistance to low winter temperatures, organizational capabilities of the farm.

The success of tree planting depends on how the regeneration and growth of new roots proceed and the establishment of their contact with the soil. This is best achieved with autumn plantings. Under favorable weather conditions, the processes of wound healing or the growth of new roots begin at the ends of the cut roots (in late autumn and early spring). The autumn planting season in some years can last about 1.5 months.

Usually spring planting lasts no more than 10-15 days. It is determined, on the one hand, by the ripeness of the soil, which occurs with increasing temperatures, and on the other hand, by the possibility of planting seedlings before the buds swell.

In the northern and middle horticultural zones autumn planting due to the danger of damage to trees by low temperatures during winters with little snow, it is less reliable. Seedlings that have overwintered in buried areas are better protected from damage by frost and rodents. Therefore, apple trees are often planted on seed rootstocks in the fall, and stone fruits, pears, quinces and apple trees on vegetatively propagated rootstocks are planted in the spring.

Winter garden plantings are permissible in the southern regions and only during warm and relatively dry periods, when the soil dries out so much that it can be cultivated. More often, such weather conditions are suitable for repairing thinned plantings. The soil during winter planting should not be frozen or excessively moist.

Preparing seedlings for planting. The survival rate of trees in the garden, their growth and productivity depend on the quality of planting material.

For planting, use only healthy, standard seedlings grown on stable, zoned rootstocks, free from pests and diseases, especially quarantine ones (California scale insects, etc.).

Some varieties form a crown well even at one year of age. Therefore, even in the middle zone, crown annuals can be successfully used for planting pome-bearing species on a vigorous rootstock.

When transporting seedlings, you need to protect the roots from drying out, freezing and mechanical damage. Before planting, seedlings are inspected, bad ones are rejected, and broken or damaged roots and twigs are cut out of those suitable for planting. The root system is dipped into a clay-carrying mash, where it is advisable to add heteroauxin, which stimulates the formation of new roots and increases the survival rate of seedlings. In spring, seedlings are pruned.

Planting methods and techniques. Currently, there are several methods of planting a garden: manually (in pre-dug holes), along furrows, trench, under a hydraulic drill and mechanized.

Manual planting in public gardening is used mainly when it is necessary to plant some area, when repairing thinned plantings, and also when planting a small area.

The planting depth depends on the type of rootstock, pre-planting soil treatment, etc. Seedlings are planted to such a depth that the root collar is level with the soil surface. When planted deep in the soil, in a humid and poorly aerated environment, the above-ground part of the tree appears. This negatively affects the growth and condition of the tree. On heavy soils, the bark of the trunk may become warm, so trees are planted 2-3 cm deeper than the root collar on a freshly plowed plantation.

Planting pits dig up to a depth of 60 cm with KYAU-100 hole diggers (diameter of replaceable drills - 30, 60, 80 and 100 cm), KPIASH-60 (30 and 60 cm) or KRK (20, 40 and 65 cm). In dry areas, it is better to dig holes before planting so that they do not dry out, but in humid areas, you can dig them in advance.

If the main fertilizer was applied to the planting, then when planting in the pits they are not applied.

When planting the soil, the seedling is usually somewhat deeper. On light soils (sandy, pebble), it is better to plant trees 6-8 cm deeper than the root collar. This improves the water regime of the root system. Seedlings grown with an intercalary insert of a vegetatively propagated rootstock are planted deeper. In this case, in order to ensure greater stability of the fruit tree, it is planted 1/2 the length of the insert, but not deeper, otherwise roots will form on a vigorous rootstock and this will enhance the growth of the tree.

When planting shallowly, part of the root system appears on the surface, which can freeze slightly in snowless winters, and a diseased part is formed on the main axis of the tree - a standard shoot appears. All this weakens the trees, they are more damaged by pests and diseases, they are stunted in growth, bear fruit poorly, and die.

When planting trees, it is important to maintain straight rows. If this is neglected, then all further processing of row spacing by mechanisms will be difficult. It is advisable to maintain the straightness of the trees in the transverse direction. This allows mechanized cultivation of the garden in the first 2-3 years in two directions. Regardless of the zone, after planting, seedlings are watered at the rate of 3-4 buckets per tree. If they are not watered, the voids that form around the roots will lead to their drying out and death, and the tree may not take root.

On dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks, as well as seed rootstocks (when small distances between trees in a row are necessary), the method of planting seedlings in furrows is used. Marking is carried out across the plot with a KRN-4.2 cultivator, and furrows are cut along the entire row with a PRVN-2.5 plow with a depth of 22-25 cm. At the intersection of marker lines and furrows, seedlings are planted manually. However, this planting method can only be used on a pre-raised deep plantation on thick soils.

When planting a garden with one-year-old seedlings, you can use a hydraulic drill. This method of landing is inconvenient for the performer, since it requires physical force, however root system When planted in this way, the seedling is sufficiently provided with moisture.

Mechanized landing. For planting fruit trees, the MPS-1 gardening machine is used. It is aggregated with tractors DT-75, DT-75M or T-74, equipped with creepers.

The machine consists of a furrow maker, two harrows, two platforms for seedlings, an irrigation system, two markers and track indicators. For free installation of seedlings on the bottom of the furrow, a semicircular cutout is made in the rear part of the furrow maker’s base. The sealers seal and compact the seedlings in the soil. The water tank is used for portioned watering of the root system of seedlings in the planting area. It is filled with water coming from the main tank.

Brought seedlings are temporarily buried at the ends of the rut. If the farm has a sufficient amount of transport, then the seedlings for loading the machine are supplied directly from it.

Before starting work, the machine is set to a planting depth that must correspond to the size of the root system. With the machine loaded with seedlings, the tractor driver drives up to the initially hung row and lowers it into the working position. At the first signal from the planter, the tractor driver begins to move the planting unit. The feeder takes the seedling and hands it to the planter, who lowers it into the opener chamber and, at the moment of intersection with the transverse furrow, places the roots of the plant at the bottom of the planting slot. At the same time, the roots press the probe of the watering tank, overturn it, watering the place where the seedling is planted. A balancing weight installed on the opposite side returns the tank to its original position, after which it is filled with water again.

The marker is intended for drawing a clearly visible line (furrow) when the unit is operating on a field previously marked in the transverse direction.

The offset of the marker and trail indicator is set depending on the row spacing.

A track indicator attached to the front beam of the tractor makes it easier to drive the tractor parallel to the previous pass.

When planting, each seedling must be held by hand with a slight tilt against the movement of the tractor until the roots are completely covered with soil. The soil is moved into the landing slot by left- and right-handed harrows. Following the machine are 2-3 workers who straighten the tilted trees, compact the soil around each planted tree with their feet and make holes for irrigation with shovels, since the water supplied by the machine during planting is not enough for good survival of the planting material. Irrigation holes can be made with row-crop cultivators with two hillers that form rollers in the transverse direction.

After planting, the trees are watered with a liquid fertilizer spreader of the RZhT-4 type, a ZZhV-1.8 tanker, to which 2 hoses with tips are attached, a VR-ZM water dispenser, as well as AVV-3.6, AU-3 tank trucks. The planting machine is serviced by 5 people: a tractor driver, 2 planters and 2 levelers. The productivity of the MPS-1 planting machine is 7-10 hectares per shift. When correct organized work The quality of planting work is good, the survival rate of seedlings is 97-98%.

Labor costs with the mechanized method of planting a garden are reduced by 4 times compared to the manual method.

Mechanized landing fruit trees possible in all areas of industrial gardening, with the exception of areas with a small arable layer and a slope steeper than 10° C.

To further increase labor productivity, improve the survival rate of seedlings on heavy loamy, waterlogged soils, rational use fertilizers, the trench method of soil preparation is becoming increasingly widespread, especially in the Non-Chernozem Zone.

The essence of this method is that when dividing a plot, the stakes are installed not along the line of the planting row, but on the side, at a distance of 1 m from the planting site. This allows you to dig straight planting trenches in the place of future rows and carry out all machine work on the side of the stakes. For example, to get a 7-meter row spacing, the stakes are placed at a distance of 9-5-9-5 m, etc. This layout allows the tractor driver to make shuttle passes with a planting plow inside the 9-meter row spacing. A trench is dug at a distance of 1 m from the stakes, 2 m are cut off on both sides of the 9-meter row spacing (1 m on each side) and the furrows are placed exactly 7 m from each other. Scatter along the future trench organic fertilizers and with a double pass of the planting plow, a cone-shaped trench is made with a top width of 150-170 cm and a depth of 45-50 cm. When the plow is in operation, fertilizers are mixed with the soil and at the same time mineral fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the furrow. They are fed from a hopper mounted on the frame of the planting plow.

After applying fertilizer, the trench is closed with a bulldozer with an oblique blade or with a special device, which consists of two symmetrically located grader-type blades, which rake, mix and dump the soil into the trench. Then a gardening machine passes along this strip.

In the fall, after planting watering, the trees are earthed up using a plow, in which the rear body is buried less deeply than the front. Due to this, a fall furrow is formed along a row of trees. In the spring it is spread out with garden discs.

Planting fruit trees