Specific heat capacity of red brick. Specific heat capacity of produced bricks

The choice of brick as a building material for the construction of walls of any premises, stoves or fireplaces is made on the basis of its properties related to the ability to conduct, retain heat or cold, and withstand exposure to high or low temperatures. The most important thermal characteristics: thermal conductivity coefficient, heat capacity and frost resistance.

This name was previously understood only as elements standard size(250x120x65) made of baked clay. Now they produce and sell building products made from any suitable components, having the shape of a regular parallelepiped and dimensions similar to those of the classic ceramic version.

Main varieties:

• ceramic ordinary (construction) - a classic red stone made of baked clay;
• ceramic front - has better external qualities, increased resistance to weathering, usually has cavities inside;
• silicate solid - light gray in color from a pressed sand-limestone mixture, inferior to ceramic in all respects (including thermal engineering), except for strength;
• silicate hollow - characterized by the presence of cavities that increase the ability of the walls to retain heat;
• hyperpressed - made of cement with pigments that give shades natural material, the fillers of the mixture are crushed limestone, marble, granules of blast furnace slag;
• fireclay - intended for laying stoves, fireplaces, chimneys;
• clinker - differs from the usual one in that special types of clay and higher firing temperatures are used in its production;
• warm ceramics (porous stone) - its characteristics far exceed the thermal conductivity of red brick, this is achieved due to the presence of air-filled pores in the clay mass and the special design of the element, which has a large number of voids inside.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a substance is a quantitative characteristic of its ability to conduct energy (heat). To compare it among different building materials Thermal conductivity coefficient is used - the amount of heat passing through a sample of unit length and area per unit time at a unit temperature difference. It is measured in Watt/meter*Kelvin (W/m*K).

When choosing a brick for building walls, pay attention to the thermal conductivity index, since the minimum permissible thickness of the structure depends on it. The lower the value, the better wall retains heat and the thinner it can be, the more economical the consumption. The same parameter is taken into account when selecting the type of insulation, the size of its layer and technology.

Thermal conductivity depends on the following factors:

• material: the best performance is for warm porous ceramics, the worst is for hyper-pressed or sand-lime brick;
• density - the higher it is, the worse the heat is retained;
• the presence of voids in products - the cavities inside the slotted wall stone after installation are filled with air, due to this, heat or coolness in the room is better retained.

Based on the coefficient of thermal conductivity in the dry state, the following types of masonry are distinguished:

• highly effective - up to 0.20;
• increased efficiency - from 0.21 to 0.24;
• effective - from 0.25 to 0.36;
• conditionally effective - from 0.37 to 0.46;
• ordinary - more than 0.46.

When performing calculations, choosing facing and building bricks and insulation, it is taken into account that the ability of a wall to conduct heat depends not only on the properties of the material, but is also characterized by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the mortar and the thickness of the joints.

Heat capacity

This is the amount of heat (energy) that must be supplied to the body to increase its temperature by 1 Kelvin. The unit of measurement for this indicator is Joule per Kelvin (J/K). Specific heat capacity is its ratio to the mass of a substance, the unit of measurement is Joule/kg*Kelvin (J/kg*K). For brick, its value is from 700 to 1250 J/kg*K. More precise figures depend on the material from which a particular type is made.

The parameter affects the energy consumption required to heat the house: the lower the value, the faster the room warms up and the less money will be spent on payment. It is especially important if the residence in the house is not permanent, that is, the walls need to be warmed up periodically. The best option is silicate, but it is recommended to entrust accurate calculations to a specialist. It is necessary to take into account not only the heat capacity of the wall, but also its thickness, heat capacity masonry mortar, the width of the seams, the location of the room and the heat transfer coefficient.

Frost resistance

Expressed in the number of freeze-thaw cycles that the element can withstand without significant deterioration in properties. It is not the lower temperature level that matters, but the frequency of freezing of moisture in the pores. Water, turning into ice, expands, which contributes to the destruction of the stone.

Frost resistance is usually indicated by an index, which contains a large Latin letter F and numbers. For example: the F50 marking indicates that this material begins to lose strength no earlier than after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. Possible grades of brick for frost resistance (GOST 530-2012): F25; F35; F50; F100; F200; F300. Based on the indicated figure, you need to understand that the number of cycles does not coincide with the number of seasons.

In some regions, sudden temperature changes can occur many times during one winter. For load-bearing walls It is recommended to use a minimum of F35, for cladding - from F75. Options with lower rates are only suitable for regions with mild climates.

Creation optimal microclimate and the consumption of thermal energy for heating a private house in the cold season largely depends on the thermal insulation properties of the building materials from which the building is constructed. One of these characteristics is heat capacity. This value must be taken into account when choosing building materials for constructing a private house. Therefore, the heat capacity of some building materials will be considered next.

To heat any material with mass m from temperature t start to temperature t end, you will need to spend a certain amount of thermal energy Q, which will be proportional to the mass and temperature difference ΔT (t end -t start). Therefore, the heat capacity formula will look like this: Q = c*m*ΔT, where c is the heat capacity coefficient (specific value). It can be calculated using the formula: c = Q/(m* ΔТ) (kcal/(kg* °C)).

Table 1

What should the walls of a private house be like in order to comply building regulations? The answer to this question has several nuances. To understand them, an example will be given of the heat capacity of the 2 most popular building materials: concrete and wood. The heat capacity of concrete is 0.84 kJ/(kg*°C), and that of wood is 2.3 kJ/(kg*°C).

At first glance, you might think that wood is a more heat-intensive material than concrete. This is true, because wood contains almost 3 times more thermal energy than concrete. To heat 1 kg of wood you need to spend 2.3 kJ of thermal energy, but when cooling it will also release 2.3 kJ into space. Moreover, 1 kg concrete structure capable of accumulating and, accordingly, releasing only 0.84 kJ.

From the obtained result we can conclude that 1 m 3 of wood will accumulate heat almost 2 times less than concrete.

Tree

Brick

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How is specific heat capacity determined?

Specific heat capacity is determined during laboratory tests. This indicator completely depends on what temperature the material has. The heat capacity parameter is necessary so that you can ultimately understand how heat-resistant the external walls of a heated building will be. After all, the walls of buildings must be built from materials whose specific heat capacity tends to a maximum.

Besides, this indicator necessary for making accurate calculations during the heating of various types of solutions, as well as in situations where work is carried out at sub-zero temperatures.

One cannot help but say about solid bricks. This material boasts a high thermal conductivity. Therefore, in order to save money, hollow bricks come in handy.

Types and nuances of brick blocks

In order to ultimately erect a sufficiently warm brick building, you initially need to understand what type of material is most suitable for this. Currently, a huge assortment of bricks is available in markets and construction stores. So which one should you prefer?

In our country, sand-lime brick is extremely popular among buyers. This material is obtained by mixing lime with sand.

The demand for sand-lime brick is due to the fact that it is often used in everyday life and has a fairly reasonable price. If we touch on the issue physical quantities, then this material, of course, is in many ways inferior to its counterparts. Due to the low thermal conductivity, build a truly warm house It is unlikely that it will work out of sand-lime brick.

But, of course, like any material, sand-lime brick has its advantages. For example, it has a high sound insulation rate. It is for this reason that it is very often used for the construction of partitions and walls in city apartments.

Ceramic brick takes second place in the demand ranking. It is obtained by stirring various types clays, which are subsequently fired. This material is used for the direct construction of buildings and their cladding. Construction type used for the construction of buildings, and facing - for their decoration. It is also worth mentioning that ceramic-based bricks are very light in weight, so they are ideal material for independent implementation of construction work.

New construction market is a warm brick. This is nothing more than an advanced ceramic block. This type can be approximately fourteen times larger in size than the standard. But this in no way affects the total weight of the building.

If we compare this material with ceramic bricks, then the first option in terms of thermal insulation is twice as good. The warm block has a large number of small voids that look like channels located in a vertical plane.

And as you know, the more air space is present in the material, the higher the thermal conductivity. Heat loss in this situation occurs in most cases on the partitions inside or in the joints of the masonry.

Thermal conductivity of bricks and foam blocks: features

This calculation is necessary so that it is possible to reflect the properties of the material, which are expressed in relation to the density of the material to its ability to conduct heat.

Thermal uniformity is an indicator that is equal to the inverse ratio of the heat flow passing through the wall structure to the amount of heat passing through a conditional barrier and equal to the total area of ​​the wall.

In fact, both calculation options are quite complex processes. It is for this reason that if you have no experience in this issue, then it is best to seek help from a specialist who can accurately make all the calculations.

So, to summarize, we can say that physical quantities are very important when choosing a building material. As you can see, different types of bricks, depending on their properties, have a number of advantages and disadvantages. For example, if you really want to build warm building, then it is best for you to give preference warm look brick, whose thermal insulation indicator is at the maximum level. If you are limited in money, then the best option You will be better off buying sand-lime brick, which, although it retains heat minimally, does an excellent job of eliminating extraneous sounds from the room.

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Definition and formula of heat capacity

Each substance, to one degree or another, is capable of absorbing, storing and retaining thermal energy. To describe this process, the concept of heat capacity was introduced, which is the property of a material to absorb thermal energy when heating the surrounding air.

To heat any material with mass m from temperature t start to temperature t end, you will need to spend a certain amount of thermal energy Q, which will be proportional to the mass and temperature difference ΔT (t end -t start). Therefore, the heat capacity formula will look like this: Q = c*m*ΔТ, where c is the heat capacity coefficient (specific value). It can be calculated using the formula: c = Q/(m* ΔТ) (kcal/(kg* °C)).

Conventionally assuming that the mass of the substance is 1 kg, and ΔТ = 1°C, we can obtain that c = Q (kcal). This means that the specific heat capacity is equal to the amount of thermal energy that is expended to heat a material weighing 1 kg by 1°C.

Using heat capacity in practice

Building materials with high heat capacity are used for the construction of heat-resistant structures. This is very important for private houses in which people live permanently. The fact is that such structures allow you to store (accumulate) heat, thanks to which the house maintains a comfortable temperature for quite a long time. At first heating device heats the air and the walls, after which the walls themselves warm up the air. This allows you to save cash on heating and make your stay more comfortable. For a house in which people live periodically (for example, on weekends), the high thermal capacity of the building material will have the opposite effect: such a building will be quite difficult to heat quickly.

The heat capacity values ​​of building materials are given in SNiP II-3-79. Below is a table of the main building materials and their specific heat capacity values.

Table 1

Brick has a high heat capacity, so it is ideal for building houses and constructing stoves.

Speaking about heat capacity, it should be noted that heating stoves It is recommended to build from brick, since the value of its heat capacity is quite high. This allows you to use the stove as a kind of heat accumulator. Thermal accumulators in heating systems(especially in water heating systems) are used more and more every year. Such devices are convenient because they only need to be heated well once with an intense firebox. solid fuel boiler, after which they will heat your home for a whole day or more. This will significantly save your budget.

Heat capacity of building materials

What should the walls of a private house be like in order to comply with building codes? The answer to this question has several nuances. To understand them, an example will be given of the heat capacity of the 2 most popular building materials: concrete and wood. The heat capacity of concrete is 0.84 kJ/(kg*°C), and that of wood is 2.3 kJ/(kg*°C).

At first glance, you might think that wood is a more heat-intensive material than concrete. This is true, because wood contains almost 3 times more thermal energy than concrete. To heat 1 kg of wood you need to spend 2.3 kJ of thermal energy, but when cooling it will also release 2.3 kJ into space. At the same time, 1 kg of concrete structure can accumulate and, accordingly, release only 0.84 kJ.

But don't rush to conclusions. For example, you need to find out what heat capacity 1 m2 of concrete and wooden wall 30 cm thick. To do this, you first need to calculate the weight of such structures. 1 m2 of this concrete wall will weigh: 2300 kg/m3 * 0.3 m3 = 690 kg. 1 m 2 of wooden wall will weigh: 500 kg/m 3 * 0.3 m 3 = 150 kg.

• for a concrete wall: 0.84*690*22 = 12751 kJ;
• for a wooden structure: 2.3*150*22 = 7590 kJ.

From the obtained result we can conclude that 1 m 3 of wood will accumulate heat almost 2 times less than concrete. An intermediate material in terms of heat capacity between concrete and wood is brickwork, a unit volume of which under the same conditions will contain 9199 kJ of thermal energy. At the same time, aerated concrete, as a building material, will contain only 3326 kJ, which will be significantly less than wood. However, in practice, the thickness of a wooden structure can be 15-20 cm, when aerated concrete can be laid in several rows, significantly increasing the specific heat capacity of the wall.

Use of various materials in construction

Tree

For comfortable living in a home, it is very important that the material has high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity.

In this regard, wood is the best option for houses not only for permanent but also for temporary residence. Wooden building, not heated long time, will perceive changes in air temperature well. Therefore, heating of such a building will occur quickly and efficiently.

Coniferous species are mainly used in construction: pine, spruce, cedar, fir. Value for money the best option is pine. Whatever you choose to design wooden house, must be taken into account next rule: the thicker the walls, the better. However, here you also need to take into account your financial capabilities, since with an increase in the thickness of the timber, its cost will increase significantly.

Brick

This building material has always been a symbol of stability and strength. The brick has good strength and resistance negative impacts external environment. However, if we take into account the fact that brick walls are mainly designed with a thickness of 51 and 64 cm, then to create good thermal insulation they additionally need to be covered with a layer thermal insulation material. Brick houses great for permanent residence. Once heated, such structures are capable of releasing the heat accumulated in them into space for a long time.

When choosing a material for building a house, you should take into account not only its thermal conductivity and heat capacity, but also how often people will live in such a house. Right choice will allow you to maintain coziness and comfort in your home throughout the year.

You may be interested in: drilling a water well in Kaluga: the cost is reasonable

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Specific heat capacity of materials

Heat capacity is a physical quantity that describes the ability of a material to accumulate temperature from a heated environment. Quantitatively, specific heat capacity is equal to the amount of energy, measured in J, required to heat a body weighing 1 kg by 1 degree.
Below is a table of the specific heat capacity of the most common materials in construction.

• type and volume of heated material (V);
• the specific heat capacity of this material (Sud);
• specific gravity (msp);
• initial and final temperatures of the material.

Heat capacity of building materials

The heat capacity of materials, the table for which is given above, depends on the density and thermal conductivity of the material.

And the thermal conductivity coefficient, in turn, depends on the size and closedness of the pores. A fine-porous material, which has a closed pore system, has greater thermal insulation and, accordingly, lower thermal conductivity than a large-porous one.

This is very easy to see using the most common materials in construction as an example. The figure below shows how the thermal conductivity coefficient and the thickness of the material influence the thermal insulation properties of external fences.

The figure shows that building materials with lower density have a lower thermal conductivity coefficient.
However, this is not always the case. For example, there are fibrous types of thermal insulation for which the opposite pattern applies: the lower the density of the material, the higher the thermal conductivity coefficient will be.

Therefore, you cannot rely solely on the indicator of the relative density of the material, but it is worth taking into account its other characteristics.

Comparative characteristics of the heat capacity of basic building materials

In order to compare the heat capacity of the most popular building materials, such as wood, brick and concrete, it is necessary to calculate the heat capacity for each of them.

First of all, you need to decide on the specific gravity of wood, brick and concrete. It is known that 1 m3 of wood weighs 500 kg, brick - 1700 kg, and concrete - 2300 kg. If we take a wall whose thickness is 35 cm, then through simple calculations we find that the specific gravity of 1 square meter of wood will be 175 kg, brick - 595 kg, and concrete - 805 kg.
Next, we will select the temperature value at which thermal energy will accumulate in the walls. For example, this will happen on a hot summer day with an air temperature of 270C. For the selected conditions, we calculate the heat capacity of the selected materials:

1. Wall made of wood: C=SudhmuddhΔT; Sder=2.3x175x27=10867.5 (kJ);
2. Concrete wall: C=SudhmuddhΔT; Cbet = 0.84x805x27 = 18257.4 (kJ);
3. Brick wall: C=SudhmuddhΔT; Skirp = 0.88x595x27 = 14137.2 (kJ).

From the calculations made, it is clear that with the same wall thickness, concrete has the highest heat capacity, and wood has the least. What does this mean? This suggests that on a hot summer day maximum amount heat will accumulate in a house made of concrete, and the least amount of heat will accumulate in a house made of wood.

This explains the fact that in wooden house In hot weather it is cool, and in cold weather it is warm. Brick and concrete easily accumulate a fairly large amount of heat from the environment, but just as easily part with it.

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EVERYTHING IS FREE EXCEPT THE BRAINS

VIDEO OF EQUIPMENT OPERATION

STRAW in CONSTRUCTION
In the village of Taptykovo Res. Bashkortostan an energy efficient house was built made of laminated veneer lumber with insulation, built by engineer Alfred Fayzullin.
This is the first house in the Republic of Bashkortostan that meets Green Standards.

New generation house: hot water from the sun, and savings on heating due to insulation.
Although economical, the house combines energy efficiency, environmental friendliness and modern style.

In the morning the sun illuminates the entire house from the south side, and in the evening - from the west. The location of the windows here is thought out to the smallest detail. Five-chamber windows- also part of energy-saving technology.
The glass is made using silver, which allows it to reflect heat.

A special feature of this house is that there is no need for heating. traditional methods and low power consumption.
Sources used here alternative energy- solar collector and heat pump.

Application of the system supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery creates a favorable indoor microclimate. The house uses windows and doors with high thermal resistance. The “City Corner” assembly technology ensures the absence of “cold bridges” around the entire perimeter of the house, thanks to a continuous layer of insulation. All this eliminates large heat losses and significantly reduces heating costs (two to three times compared to gas heating). The cost of such a turnkey house varies from 30 thousand rubles per square meter, depending on the area of ​​the house, its equipment, and finishing materials.

“This is a very interesting, modern and timely project, technology tomorrow.
This mechanism is only part of an energy-efficient private house in Taptykovo.
The owner of this unique structure and its inventor. He says that during the construction of the “green house”, passive laminated veneer lumber was used, which helps retain heat. The material from which it is made is now produced by the Uchalinsky enterprise.

Application heat pump instead of an electric boiler. It effectively uses environmental heat for heating and hot water supply at home and allows you to save energy consumption by up to 29 times.
On hot days, this technology serves to cool the premises.

There are only a few such houses in Russia so far.
When designing it, Alfred Faizullin used Japanese and German technologies.
He notes that during the operation and disposal of the house, the structure will not have any impact on nature.
Smart a private house They plan to improve it in the future.
The designers want to use a hydraulic accumulator and also create a heat accumulator.
The water temperature in a 300 m³ tank, even in cloudy weather, does not fall below 40 degrees
As a source of thermal energy, the engineer purchased a Viessmann heat pump with a power of 9.7 kW.
I had to pay 424,000 rubles for the heat pump.
Vertical probes were placed in two wells, each 63 meters deep.
Drilling cost 1,600 rubles per linear meter
Let's make a reservation right away: Alfred Fayzullin built a house for himself and did not skimp on technology, choosing the best. As a result, the cost square meter“turnkey” amounted to 45,000 rubles. The total area of ​​the house is 180 m2.

Passive house must consume no more than 10% from the traditional pump with a power of 9.7 kW. too much for such a house.
The standard for a passive house is 15 kW. per m2 international requirement for harsh climates for the heating season.
15 kW/213 days * 180 m2= 12.7 kW/m2 norm per day or 380 kW for 30 days.

How to build it yourself inexpensive warm house, with your own hands, we have the answer, you are at the right place, find out the details, how to make your own solar heating.

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It is not the one who has more money who is successful, but the one who has more ideas put into practice.

It is possible to know, but to be able to do it is more difficult; there is a big gap between them.

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Ceramic

Based on production technology, bricks are classified into ceramic and silicate groups. Moreover, both types have significant differences by material density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity coefficient. The raw material for the manufacture of ceramic bricks, also called red bricks, is clay, to which a number of components are added. The formed raw blanks are fired in special ovens. The specific heat capacity can vary between 0.7-0.9 kJ/(kg K). As for the average density, it is usually at the level of 1400 kg/m3.

Among strengths ceramic bricks can be distinguished:

1. Smoothness of the surface. This increases its external aesthetics and ease of installation.
2. Resistance to frost and moisture. IN normal conditions the walls do not require additional moisture and thermal insulation.
3. Ability to withstand high temperatures. This allows the use of ceramic bricks for the construction of stoves, barbecues, and heat-resistant partitions.
4. Density 700-2100 kg/m3. This characteristic is directly affected by the presence of internal pores. As the porosity of a material increases, its density decreases and its thermal insulation characteristics increase.

Silicate

As for sand-lime brick, it can be solid, hollow and porous. Based on size, there are single, one-and-a-half and double bricks. On average, sand-lime brick has a density of 1600 kg/m3. The noise-absorbing characteristics of silicate masonry are especially appreciated: even if we're talking about about a wall of small thickness, the level of its sound insulation will be an order of magnitude higher than in the case of using other types of masonry material.

Facing

Separately, it is worth mentioning the facing brick, which with equal success resists both water and increased temperature. The specific heat capacity of this material is at the level of 0.88 kJ/(kg K), with a density of up to 2700 kg/m3. Facing bricks are available for sale in a wide variety of shades. They are suitable for both cladding and laying.

Refractory

Represented by dinas, carborundum, magnesite and fireclay bricks. The mass of one brick is quite large due to its significant density (2700 kg/m3). The lowest heat capacity when heated is carborundum brick 0.779 kJ/(kg K) for a temperature of +1000 degrees. The heating rate of a furnace laid from this brick significantly exceeds the heating of fireclay masonry, but cooling occurs faster.

Furnaces are built from refractory bricks, providing heating up to +1500 degrees. The specific heat capacity of a given material is greatly influenced by the heating temperature. For example, the same fireclay brick at +100 degrees has a heat capacity of 0.83 kJ/(kg K). However, if it is heated to +1500 degrees, this will provoke an increase in heat capacity to 1.25 kJ/(kg K).

Dependence on temperature of use

The technical performance of bricks is greatly influenced by temperature conditions:

• Trepelny. At temperatures from -20 to + 20, the density varies within 700-1300 kg/m3. The heat capacity indicator is at a stable level of 0.712 kJ/(kg K).
• Silicate. A similar temperature regime of -20 - +20 degrees and a density from 1000 to 2200 kg/m3 provides the possibility of different specific heat capacities of 0.754-0.837 kJ/(kg K).
• Adobe. When the temperature is identical to the previous type, it demonstrates a stable heat capacity of 0.753 kJ/(kg K).
• Red. Can be used at temperatures of 0-100 degrees. Its density can vary from 1600-2070 kg/m3, and its heat capacity can range from 0.849 to 0.872 kJ/(kg K).
• Yellow. Temperature fluctuations from -20 to +20 degrees and a stable density of 1817 kg/m3 gives the same stable heat capacity of 0.728 kJ/(kg K).
• Building. At a temperature of +20 degrees and a density of 800-1500 kg/m3, the heat capacity is at the level of 0.8 kJ/(kg K).
• Facing. The same temperature regime of +20, with a material density of 1800 kg/m3, determines the heat capacity of 0.88 kJ/(kg K).
• Dinas. Operation at elevated temperatures from +20 to +1500 and density 1500-1900 kg/m3 implies a consistent increase in heat capacity from 0.842 to 1.243 kJ/(kg K).
• Carborundum. As it heats from +20 to +100 degrees, a material with a density of 1000-1300 kg/m3 gradually increases its heat capacity from 0.7 to 0.841 kJ/(kg K). However, if the heating of the carborundum brick is continued further, its heat capacity begins to decrease. At a temperature of +1000 degrees it will be equal to 0.779 kJ/(kg K).
• Magnesite. A material with a density of 2700 kg/m3 with an increase in temperature from +100 to +1500 degrees gradually increases its heat capacity of 0.93-1.239 kJ/(kg K).
• Chromite. Heating a product with a density of 3050 kg/m3 from +100 to +1000 degrees provokes a gradual increase in its heat capacity from 0.712 to 0.912 kJ/(kg K).
• Chamotte. It has a density of 1850 kg/m3. When heated from +100 to +1500 degrees, the heat capacity of the material increases from 0.833 to 1.251 kJ/(kg K).

Select the bricks correctly, depending on the tasks at the construction site.

kvartirnyj-remont.com

TYPES OF BRICKS

SILICATE

The thermal conductivity of this type is on average 0.7 W/(m oC). This is a fairly low figure compared to other materials. Therefore, warm walls made of this type of brick most likely will not work.

CERAMIC

1. Building,
2. Facing.

• Full-bodied – 0.6 W/m* oC;
• Hollow brick - 0.5 W/m* oC;
• Slot – 0.38 W/m* oC.

The average heat capacity of a brick is about 0.92 kJ.

WARM CERAMICS

Warm brick is a relatively new building material. In principle, it is an improvement on the conventional ceramic block.

Thermal insulation properties are almost 2 times better compared to ceramic bricks. The thermal conductivity coefficient is approximately 0.15 W/m* oC.

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Types of bricks

In order to answer the question: “how to build a warm house from brick?”, you need to find out what type of brick is best to use. Because modern market offers a huge selection of this building material. Let's look at the most common types.

Silicate

Sand-lime bricks are the most popular and widely used in construction in Russia. This type made by mixing lime and sand. This material has become very widespread due to its wide range of applications in everyday life, and also due to the fact that its price is quite low.

However, if we turn to the physical quantities of this product, then not everything is so smooth.

Let's consider double sand-lime brick M 150. The M 150 brand indicates high strength, so it even approaches natural stone. Dimensions are 250x120x138 mm.

The thermal conductivity of this type is on average 0.7 W/(m o C). This is a fairly low figure compared to other materials. Therefore, warm walls made of this type of brick most likely will not work.

An important advantage of such bricks compared to ceramic ones is their soundproofing properties, which have a very beneficial effect on the construction of walls enclosing apartments or dividing rooms.

Ceramic

The second place in popularity of building bricks is rightfully given to ceramic ones. To produce them, various mixtures of clays are fired.

This type is divided into two types:

1. Building,
2. Facing.

Construction bricks are used for the construction of foundations, walls of houses, stoves, etc., and facing bricks are used for finishing buildings and premises. This material is more suitable for DIY construction, as it is much lighter than silicate.

The thermal conductivity of a ceramic block is determined by the thermal conductivity coefficient and is numerically equal to:

• Full-bodied – 0.6 W/m* o C;
• Hollow brick - 0.5 W/m* o C;
• Slot - 0.38 W/m* o C.

The average heat capacity of a brick is about 0.92 kJ.

Warm ceramics

Warm brick is a relatively new building material. In principle, it is an improvement on the conventional ceramic block.

This type of product is much larger than usual; its dimensions can be 14 times larger than standard ones. But this does not greatly affect the overall weight of the structure.

Thermal insulation properties are almost 2 times better compared to ceramic bricks. The thermal conductivity coefficient is approximately 0.15 W/m* o C.

A block of warm ceramics has many small voids in the form of vertical channels. And as mentioned above, the more air in the material, the higher the thermal insulation properties of this building material. Heat loss can occur mainly on internal partitions or in masonry joints.

Summary

We hope our article will help you understand large quantities physical parameters of the brick and choose the most suitable option by all indicators! And the video in this article will provide Additional information on this topic, see.

The scope of application of the material is determined by its performance characteristics. The complex of properties under consideration must meet the requirements for building bricks during construction external walls, floors, foundation. The construction of structures involves the selection of products for various purposes:

• Silicate – ordinary, front, hollow, solid.
• Ceramic - heat-resistant and all varieties of the previous type.
• Clinker – for cladding facades.

The indicators determine the energy consumption of the house and the cost of heating the premises. The design of structures and calculations of enclosing structures take these parameters into account.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity

Materials have the property of conducting heat from a heated surface to a colder area. The process occurs as a result of the electromagnetic interaction of atoms, electrons and quasiparticles (phonons). The main indicator of the value is the thermal conductivity coefficient (λ, W/), defined as the amount of heat passing through a unit cross-sectional area in a unit time interval. A low value has a positive effect on maintaining the thermal regime.

According to GOST 530-2012, the effectiveness of masonry in a dry state is characterized by the thermal conductivity coefficient:

• ≤ 0.20 – high;
• 0.2 < λ ≤ 0.24 – повышенная;
• 0.24 – 0.36 – effective;
• 0.36 – 0.46 – conditionally effective;
• ˃ 0.46 – ordinary (ineffective).

The higher the density, the higher the thermal conductivity - this is not a completely true statement. The structure contains closed pores and cavities (hollow), filled with air with a coefficient of ≈ 0.026. Thanks to this, products with slotted holes better maintain the thermal regime inside buildings. In engineering calculations, it is necessary to take into account the thermal conductivity of the masonry mixture; the value of the indicator is chosen from 0.47 and above, depending on the composition.

The thermal conductivity of the red product is lower than that of the silicate product.

The physical processes of heating and heat retention can be characterized by the quantities:

• Heat transfer coefficient is heat exchange at the interface between the surface of a solid body and the air environment. This is the power of heat flow per plane of 1 m², inversely proportional to the temperature difference between the body and the coolant (air). The higher the thermal conductivity, the greater the heat transfer.
• Total thermal resistance is the ability to resist the transfer of heat. The value is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient. Based on the calculation formula R = L/λ, it is easy to calculate optimal thickness masonry λ – constant parameter, R – thermal resistance is indicated in Table 4 SP 131.13330.2012 for climatic zones Russia.

Heat capacity

The required amount of heat supplied to the body to increase the temperature by 1 Kelvin is the definition of the concept “total heat capacity”. Unit: J/K or J/°C. The greater the volume and weight of the body (thickness of walls and ceilings), the higher the heat capacity of the material, the better the favorable temperature regime is maintained. This property is most accurately confirmed by the following characteristics:

• The specific heat capacity of a brick is the amount of heat required to heat a unit mass of a substance in a unit time interval. Unit of measurement: J/kg*K or J/kg*°C. Used for engineering calculations.
• Volumetric heat capacity is the amount of heat consumed by a body of unit volume to heat up per unit time. It is measured in J/m³*K or J/kg*°C.

Thermal convection is continuous: radiators heat the air, which transfers heat to the walls. When the room temperature drops, the reverse process occurs. An increase in specific heat capacity and a decrease in the thermal conductivity coefficient of walls ensure a reduction in the cost of heating a house. The thickness of the masonry can be optimized by a number of actions:

• Application of thermal insulation.
• Applying plaster.
• Use of hollow brick or stone (excluded for building foundations).
• Masonry mortar with optimal thermal parameters.

Table with characteristics of different types of masonry. Data from SP 50.13330.2012 were used:

Frost resistance of brickwork

Resistance to negative temperatures is an indicator that affects the strength and durability of a structure. The masonry becomes saturated with moisture during operation. IN winter period water, penetrating into the pores, turns into ice, increases in volume and breaks the cavity in which it is located - destruction occurs. Frost resistance is usually low, water absorption should not exceed 20%.

Determining the number of freezing and thawing cycles without loss of strength for each type of product allows us to determine frost resistance (F). The value is obtained empirically. In the laboratory, multiple freezing is carried out in refrigeration chambers and natural thawing of samples.

Frost resistance coefficient is the ratio of the compressive strength of the experimental and initial element. A change in the indicator of more than 5%, the presence of cracks and spalls signal the end of the test. Product brands contain frost resistance characteristics: F15 (20, 25, 35, 50, 75, 100, 150). The digital parameter indicates the number of cycles: the higher the number, the more reliable the system being built.

Purchasing bricks with a high grade of frost resistance will deplete the budget allocated for construction. Measures to improve the properties of structures, extend the service life in cold climate zones without increasing costs:

• Application of vapor and waterproofing.
• Treatment of masonry with hydrophobic compounds.
• Control, timely correction of defects.
• Reliable foundation waterproofing.

The life and comfort of use of the house depends on the choice of material for masonry, its specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and frost resistance. It is better to entrust complex calculations and cost estimates to experienced specialists with experience in construction and design.

Brick is a popular building material in the construction of buildings and structures. Many people only distinguish between red and white brick, but its types are much more diverse. They differ both in appearance (shape, color, size) and in properties such as density and heat capacity.

Traditionally, a distinction is made between ceramic and sand-lime bricks, which have different technology manufacturing. It is important to know that the density of brick, its specific heat capacity, and each type can differ significantly.

Ceramic brick is made from various additives and fired. The specific heat capacity of ceramic brick is 700...900 J/(kg deg). The average density of ceramic bricks is 1400 kg/m3. The advantages of this type are: smooth surface, frost and water resistance, as well as resistance to high temperatures. The density of ceramic brick is determined by its porosity and can range from 700 to 2100 kg/m3. The higher the porosity, the lower the density of the brick.

Sand-lime brick has the following varieties: solid, hollow and porous; it has several standard sizes: single, one-and-a-half and double. The average density of sand-lime brick is 1600 kg/m3. The advantages of sand-lime brick are excellent soundproofing. Even if you pave thin layer made of such material, the sound insulation properties will remain at the proper level. The specific heat capacity of sand-lime brick ranges from 750 to 850 J/(kg deg).

The density values ​​of various types of bricks and their specific (mass) heat capacity at various temperatures are presented in the table:

It is necessary to note another popular type of brick – facing brick. He is not afraid of either moisture or cold. The specific heat capacity of the facing brick is 880 J/(kg deg). Facing brick has shades from bright yellow to fiery red. This material can be used for finishing and facing work. The density of this type of brick is 1800 kg/m3.

It is worth noting a separate class of bricks - refractory bricks. This class includes dinas, carborundum, magnesite and fireclay bricks. Refractory bricks are quite heavy - the density of bricks of this class can reach 2700 kg/m3.

Carborundum brick has the lowest heat capacity at high temperatures - it is 779 J/(kg deg) at a temperature of 1000°C. Masonry made from such bricks warms up much faster than fireclay bricks, but retains heat less well.

Refractory bricks are used in the construction of furnaces, with operating temperature up to 1500°C. The specific heat capacity of refractory bricks depends significantly on temperature. For example, the specific heat capacity of fireclay bricks is 833 J/(kg deg) at 100°C and 1251 J/(kg deg) at 1500°C.

Sources:

1. Franchuk A. U. Tables of thermal technical indicators of building materials, M.: Research Institute of Construction Physics, 1969 - 142 p.
2. Tables of physical quantities. Directory. Ed. acad. I. K. Kikoina. M.: Atomizdat, 1976. - 1008 p. building physics, 1969 - 142 p.

There are a lot of different disputes, rumors, speculations and legends surrounding the issue of using fireclay and ceramic bricks in the kiln business. For example, there is often an opinion that fireclay bricks are radioactive and that their use is harmful to health.
It has long been accepted that the stove is made of ceramic bricks, and the firebox is lined with fireclay. Nowadays you can find stoves, fireplaces, and barbecues made entirely of fireclay bricks, and what can we hide - I myself use fireclay bricks in my work.
Let's try to figure out what's what, compare these 2 types of bricks and determine their areas of application.

First, a few theoretical points.

Thermal conductivity- the ability of a material to transmit through its thickness the heat flow that arises as a result of the temperature difference on opposite surfaces. Thermal conductivity is characterized by the amount of heat (J) passing through a sample of material with a thickness of 1 m, an area of ​​1 m2, during 1 hour, with a temperature difference on opposite plane-parallel surfaces of 1 K.
Heat capacity- the ability of a material to absorb heat when heated. Heat capacity is determined by the ratio of the amount of heat imparted to the body to the corresponding change in temperature
Porosity- degree of filling of the volume of material with pores, measured in %
Density brick is determined by the mass of the brick per unit volume
Frost resistance- the ability of the material to withstand alternate freezing and thawing in a water-saturated state without signs of destruction

Now let's try to speculate about the possibility of using fireclay bricks.

1. Fireclay brick will warm up faster and the walls of the brick will be hotter, but at the same time it cools down in almost the same time as ceramic brick. This is confirmed by the experiments of Evgeniy Kolchin. This is very convenient, for example, in lining fireplace inserts.
2. The fireclay brick itself has a regular geometric shape where any of the 6 faces can be the front (more precisely, 5 - spoons with a mark will not work) - ceramic bricks cannot compete with this advantage (there are only 3 of them). This fact allows us to work almost without defects.
Also, the presence of fireclay blocks (ShB 94, ShB 96) in some cases simplifies the work and increases the possibility of using fireclay (shelves, decorative elements)

3. Let's turn to the European experience. Additional heat storage elements (including additional smoke circulation) for Brunner, Jotul, Schmid, Olsberg are made from fireclay. The German company Wolfshoeher Tonwerke produces fireclay elements for smoke circulation and heat storage furnaces. Few people pay attention, but there is even a special class - stove fireboxes: they can only be connected through a smoke circulation system.

4. Of course, the expansion coefficient of fireclay and ceramic bricks is different, therefore it is strongly not recommended to tie them. This was once again confirmed by the experience of Evgeniy Kolchin.
5. Very often there is an opinion that fireclay bricks, when heated, release harmful substances or are generally radioactive. The latter is still in theory (and only in theory!) somehow possible, since everything depends on the place where the clay is mined, but it’s hard to believe in the first. Most likely, the reason for the rumor about the release of harmful substances is as follows. Fireclay brick is one of the types of refractory materials (subgroups of aluminosilicate refractories: semi-acidic, chamotte and high-alumina; and there are also silica, mullite and other refractories), and there are a lot of them, they are manufactured in different ways. It is possible that when some of them are heated, harmful substances are released, but this does not apply to fireclay bricks, since they are intended for household use.
6. Another disadvantage of fireclay bricks is its lower frost resistance compared to ceramic bricks. Many will say that it is not suitable for barbecuing. I haven’t been working as a stove maker for long, but what I did on the street 3-5 years ago shows no signs of destruction. Yes, and you can always protect fireclay bricks with varnishes or the same liquid glass