All more people are beginning to give preference to agricultural and horticultural businesses. Today, consumers put food quality first, so fruits, berries and vegetables grown by amateur gardeners are in constant demand in markets.
The profitability of the gardening business is quite high. For example, raspberries are very healthy, delicious berry, so there is a year-round demand for it. Besides this perennial, producing crops several times per season. Investments are minimal, precisely because of this this business profitable and practically win-win.
Growing in industrial nurseries
Using this technology, raspberries are propagated by the root method, and the sprouts are planted in special queen cells. Root sprouts are laid in the fall, taking into account the area, soil preparation and quality planting material. Planting is completed approximately 20 days before frost. The ideal planting pattern would be 1.5-2 sprouts for every 0.5 meter to a depth of 20 cm. When the seedlings have taken root, their entire above-ground part is cut off to form more shoots.
In the spring, before growth begins, all last year's shoots are cut off again. This stimulates the growth of many new shoots and prevents flowering prohibited by phytosanitary standards. After the growing season, some of the shoots are mowed so that their height does not exceed 35 cm. Then the seedlings are dug up, the mother liquor can be used for 3 years.
If you follow all the technology, you can get up to 120 thousand healthy seedlings from 1 hectare of queen cell. For elite varieties, propagation by green micro-live baits with cuttings from 3 to 6 cm is used in the period May-June.
Growing in greenhouses
Greenhouses are closed in early spring, protection from rain reduces the risk of gray rot and fungal diseases on the shoots. Growth accelerates, the number of ovaries, and therefore berries, increases. Thanks to protection from frost, the fruiting period increases, and harvesting continues until November.
In summer, the tunnels are left open at the ends and sides. This provides protection against mites and fungi.
To harvest crops in winter and early spring, it is necessary to heat the greenhouse. Today this direction in business is gaining more and more popularity.
Covering with agrofibre
If in early spring cover the raspberries with agrofibre, then fruiting will begin 2 weeks earlier. It is necessary to remove the shelter when the shoots grow to 30-40 cm.
Company registration
You can register your business as a “Gardening Non-Profit Partnership” or “Dacha Non-Profit Partnership”, abbreviated SNT and DNP.
For any type of registration, it is necessary to collect a package of documents: documents for ownership or lease, letters of guarantee from property owners for the legal address, full passport data of all founders and managers, etc.
Purchase of seedlings. Raspberry varieties
The growing process is quite labor-intensive. It is important to plan everything in advance. The basis successful business depends on the effectiveness of economic investments.
In general, raspberries are divided into two types:
- regular;
- remontant.
An ordinary two-year-old raspberry begins to bear fruit in the second year and produces a harvest once a season. These berries are very juicy, incredibly sweet and aromatic. But these varieties do not tolerate frost well and are susceptible to many diseases.
Remontant raspberries produce crops equally well both in the first year and in the second. Fruits in both summer and autumn. These varieties are frost-resistant and are little susceptible to various diseases and pests. This berry does not require additional treatment with chemicals and is therefore environmentally friendly. Its disadvantages include the whimsical nature of replenishment, which requires additional costs.
Varieties of regular raspberries
Lyashka(Lachka, Lashka) is a Polish variety that ripens early, so if you choose this particular species, you can count on a leading position in the market.
- the berries are large, each weighing from 5 to 10 grams, reaching 4 cm in length;
- frost-resistant;
- high fruitfulness - up to 20 tons of berries per hectare;
- The berries are elastic and do not wrinkle during transportation.
- requires careful treatment against fungi;
- At very low air temperatures, the kidneys may freeze.
Characteristic features of cultivation:
- gaps between bushes in one row - 0.5 m;
- the gap between the rows is 2-2.5 m;
- There should be a distance of 20-25 cm between shoots;
- it must be placed on a two-strip trellis so that new and old shoots are tied from different sides;
- In the spring, be sure to trim the top quarter of the shoot.
Octavia- an uncommon variety on domestic shelves. But it is quite promising when organizing a business.
- large red berries, each from 6 to 8 grams;
- appetizing appearance and pleasant taste;
- high yield - up to 25 tons per hectare;
- excellent frost resistance;
- transports well;
- resistant to diseases;
- Even in bad weather, the berries do not fall off.
- very low ability to reproduce.
Varieties of remontant raspberries
Shelf– selective Dutch variety. It stands out for its taste and aroma. When frozen and processed, it does not lose its properties.
- berry size – from 4 to 8 grams;
- bears fruit until frost;
- harvest up to 10 tons per hectare per season;
- transports well;
- can be grown without trellises;
- reproduces well from root shoots.
- does not tolerate drought;
- susceptible to root diseases.
Joan Gee– the berries are dark red, juicy.
- drought resistance;
- easy separation of berries from the stalk;
- yield up to 19 tons per hectare;
- The weight of each berry is about 6 grams.
- high probability of damage during transportation;
- garter on trellises is required.
Feature: no thorns.
Himbo Top – Swiss variety. Very popular in European countries, has increased resistance to diseases.
- “giant” among other varieties – up to 10 grams;
- excellent taste;
- perfectly stored;
- productivity is high;
- easily takes root;
- good endurance.
- problematic transportation;
- it is difficult to distinguish ripened berries from unripe ones;
- overripe berries fall off the shoots.
Zyugan– a universal variety, highly promising for business.
- resistance to drought and heat;
- excellent transportability;
- even without refrigeration it can be stored for up to 7 days;
- the yield is excellent;
- large berries, up to 12 grams each;
- strong root system;
- does not require a garter.
Having decided on the variety, you can start purchasing. Today there are many companies and websites selling raspberry seedlings both wholesale and retail. The average price per bush is about 100 rubles.
Planting, care, collection
Growing raspberries can be joint or separate. When planting together, no more than 4 strong sprouts should be left; separately, up to 8 are allowed.
The best time to land is mid-autumn or early spring . It is most effective to plant raspberries to a depth of 15-20 cm in rows, the distance between which will be 1.5 m, and between the bushes - about 50 cm. You also need to install posts and stretch the wire for further tying the bushes, this will make it easier to pick berries.
When the raspberries grow, it is imperative to clear the area of weeds, thin out and fertilize the bushes. The soil must be loosened: the first time before the beginning of the growing season, in the period before picking berries - several more times. After the end of the fruiting season, it is also necessary to hoe the soil.
You can fertilize raspberries with manure, superphosphate, potassium sulfate and 1/3 of the annual dose nitrogen fertilizers. This should be done after the end of the season and before early spring tillage.
You need to collect berries in small containers that can hold no more than 200 g of raspberries. Most commonly used plastic containers. Harvesting is carried out approximately twice a week; each variety has its own characteristics.
Sales markets
The main driving force of trade is advertising. In the case of raspberries, word of mouth is also suitable. The berry is consumed in almost every family, so there is always a demand for it.
The following main points should be taken into account:
- land rental – the price depends on the region and the size of the leased plot;
- purchasing seedlings - one seedling, depending on the variety, costs from 100 to 300 rubles, elite varieties are more expensive;
- purchase of gardening equipment;
- remuneration of employees;
- expenses for transporting products.
Video about berry care
In the video you can watch a detailed story about planting, growing, pruning and fertilizing raspberries:
Raspberries are propagated in industrial nurseries using root sprouts planted in specially formed queen cells. In the fall, they are laid, taking into account the necessary requirements for choosing the area, the quality of the primary material for planting, soil preparation before planting, provided for by the basic technology (Vasyuta V.M. et al., 1987, Maydebura V.I., Polikarpova F. Ya. et al. , 1986; Trushechkin V.G., Yaroslavtseva O.I.), planting is completed 20 days before frost. Plants are planted according to this scheme - 1.5-2.0 per 0.3-0.5 m. The ideal planting depth is 20 cm. In the spring, after the seedlings have taken root, the entire part of them located above the ground is completely removed, what stimulates the formation large quantity root shoots. This procedure is performed when the replaced shoots grow to 10-15 cm. On a one-year-old mother plantation, it is not recommended to prepare material for planting, due to the fact that in the future this reduces the productivity of the mother plant.
Next year, in the spring (in the first year of using the mother plant), before growth begins, all shoots from last year are removed at the soil level. First, it helps the formation of shoots in large quantities, the second - makes it possible to prevent flowering, which is not permissible according to phytosanitary standards. During the growing season, acceptable conditions are created for the rapid growth of sprouts. Before digging up the planting material, mow top part shoots located above the ground at a height of 30 -35 cm above the soil level. The seedlings are dug up using a VPN-2 plow or a VSN-1 bracket. The technology is repeated the next year. Raspberry mother liquor is used for a period of 2-3 years. By following this technology, 100-120 thousand normal raspberry seedlings can be obtained from 1 hectare of queen cell every year. When growing super-elite raspberry varieties, in most cases, propagation is used with green micro-live baits. Cuttings length -3 -6 cm, cutting period - end of May-June (Merezhko I.M., Maydebura V.I. et al., 1987).
Ways to grow raspberries
For planting raspberries, the soil is prepared in a fallow field at the end of summer. It consists of digging to a depth of 22-30 cm (this depends on the type of soil), adding manure 60-80 t/ha, as well as 90-120 kg/ha of potash and phosphate fertilizers. According to the usual (linear) method of cultivation, the bushes are planted in early October, schematically 2.0-3.0 x 0.3-0.4 m. In the spring, during the first two years, raspberry stems are cut at a height of 15-20 cm, thus , creating conditions for the formation of a strip of plants 30-40 cm wide.
Caring for fruit-bearing plants consists of irrigating the plants against pests and diseases, controlling weeds, maintaining soil moisture within 70-100% NV, and annually adding mineral fertilizers in autumn 60-120 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium, in spring 60-90 kg/ha of nitrogen.
Fruits that ripen in July are collected 3-5 times in plastic or wooden containers. large sizes(1-2 kg each). After harvesting, the stems that bear fruit are cut and removed, then burned outside the site. Raspberry plantings are used for a period of 8 to 10 years. First of all, this technology is designed for large plantings; it can also be used on farms and personal plots.
When growing raspberries on trellises, in the first two years after planting, iron or metal posts are installed in the row every 8-10 m, and wire is pulled at a height of 150-160 m. Keeping a distance, summer stems are tied 5-7 cm apart from each other in the spring. Raspberries, which are grown on a trellis, receive better illumination of the leaves and their assimilative activity increases, the plant is less affected by pests and diseases, the quantity of the harvest, the marketability and quality of the berries increases. Despite certain costs when installing trellises and gartering stems, they are fully compensated, bringing additional profit. This technology can be used, like the previous one, in all types of farms.
Fruit-bearing raspberry varieties, due to their biological properties, have the ability to create generative buds on the shoots during the year of growth and produce a harvest before frost. Its size can be determined by the portion of the berries ripened by cold weather, and depends primarily on the time of the first frost, early and general ripeness of the variety.
It is possible to obtain environmentally friendly products without spraying with pesticides by removing the above-ground part in early spring or autumn, since diseases and pests overwinter in it, and the timing of the development phases of the remaining parts with the phenological phases of raspberries. Generative organs that are not ripe (ovaries, flowers, buds) can be dried and added to medicinal mixtures.
To obtain an exclusively autumn harvest, the method of growing fruit-bearing raspberries significantly reduces the number of agronomic care measures, namely rationing of shoots, installation of trellises and tying up plants.
Cultivation method with interrupted fruiting cycle
The method of growing with a continuous fruiting cycle has been used in Russia for more than 20 years. Thanks to this technology, raspberries produce high yields while reducing costs human labor. This technology developed by the experimental Novosibirsk fruit and berry station of Russia, the Research Zonal Institute of Horticulture of the Non-Black Earth Zone. This technology can be used in forest-steppe conditions, as evidenced by preliminary studies.
The principle of this technology is that the plantation bears fruit every year, and in the intervals the plants are prepared for fruiting. In order to obtain berries every year, plantings of equal size are made with such a difference that in the same year the harvest ripens on some, and shoots grow on others. This method is no different from traditional technologies for planting plants, preparing the site, and caring for the plant until commercial fruiting.
Important condition new technology- this is the use of healthy, high-quality material from the best varieties of areas for planting, as well as placing plants closely in rows. Plantations can be used in the following order: after planting, during the first two years, the plantings are considered unsuitable for use, and then the harvest is carried out for 7-9 years, and (a year later) they are prepared for fruiting.
In the spring, work on the plantation is carried out depending on the method of growing the plantings: with or without a trellis. In both cases, at the beginning of cultivation, shoots that have developed poorly are removed. Keeping only 12-15 pieces of shoots per 1 linear meter of strip, which has a width of 30-50cm. Their upper parts are shortened, leaving a height of 1.6-1.8 m. You can use a machine for this purpose.
In order to combat diseases and pests, several sprayings are done: with 5-7% urea on dormant buds, before flowering - with pesticides consisting of a mixture of 0.3% karbofos with 0.3% oxychloride, 1-2 sprays, as well as Keltan or their substitutes. Replacement shoots, which have a height of 5-15 cm and root young shoots, are irrigated with herbicides or physiologically active substances. The results are better if you use KANU 0.1%, 3-5 kg of Reglon per 1 hectare, spending per 1 sq. m 100 ml of solution or per 1 ha 1000 l. Spraying with such solutions inhibits the growth of young shoots and leads to their death, this further improves the growth of fruit bearing plants. As a result, thanks to better lighting, the harvest becomes larger, the berries ripen at the same time and are easier to pick. When picking berries using a machine, the fruits are easily torn from the branches and are easier to grab. When young shoots are destroyed, fewer plant nutrients are removed from the soil.
Thanks to disking and light cultivation, the soil between rows is kept loose and free of weeds. The harvest is harvested using a grape harvester. Following the harvest, the current shoots and those that bear fruit are mowed down with a mower and taken away from the field. The plantation is fertilized with mineral additives, the soil in the rows is loosened, and if there is no trellis - across the rows.
In early spring next year, mineral additives are spread with a tractor, throwing them into the soil with a harrow, while simultaneously covering the moisture. After the raspberry sprouts grow to 5 cm, they should be thinned out by harrowing the soil again. In the future, caring for the plantation involves cultivating the soil between rows mechanically. If necessary, irrigate with pesticides against diseases and pests. All shoots that have not reached a height of 45-50 cm are destroyed by weeding, keeping no more than 25 pieces per 1 linear meter of row.
When using raspberry plantings using a trellis, in the year when the raspberries bear fruit, work begins by tying the shoots to the wire manually. At the same time, a device is used that makes the work faster and easier. In groups of 2-3 shoots, he attaches them to the wire with a continuous thread of twine. Weak and damaged shoots are removed before tying, by 1 linear meter, having a width of 30-40 cm, only 12-15 pieces are saved.
Raspberry shoots can be thinned out in another way. In spring, cultivate the soil between the rows so that the strip width is approximately 70 cm. Over time, the stronger shoots located in the middle suppress the less developed ones that appear later. After the shoots in the middle grow to 50-60 cm, strips are made up to 40-50 cm, adding 10-15 cm on each side, which are captured by cultivating the row spacing. Some of the shoots are destroyed, the rows become narrow and not thickened.
Growing raspberries using new technology is economically profitable. It makes it possible to receive up to 40 centners per hectare in terms of the annual harvest and carry out most of the work using mechanical devices on large areas.
The raspberry business is still well developed only in Europe. The demand for this berry in Ukraine exceeds supply, which makes raspberry cultivation promising business in the coming years.
The semi-shrub requires a well-lit area of land and free access to water. This is a moisture-loving crop and you cannot do without watering. Grows well in light sandy soils and loves mulching. The optimal soil acidity value is pH 5.8-6.2.
Summer raspberries have a two-year development cycle. Fruits on the shoots of the second year (last year's shoots). Pros for raspberry business– as a rule, the berries have a good sweet taste and aroma (they manage to pick up sugar). Disadvantages - it can freeze slightly in harsh winters with little snow, and is subject to diseases and attacks by pests.
Remontant raspberry- bears fruit on one-year and two-year-old shoots, which makes it possible to harvest 2 crops per year (summer and autumn). But, as a rule, when industrially growing remontant raspberries, it is considered advisable to keep them in an annual crop and obtain only a late-summer - autumn harvest. In one season it manages to grow and produce a harvest. Fruit-bearing stems in late autumn or early spring are cut to soil level, removed from the site and destroyed.
Remontant raspberries are much less damaged by diseases and pests and do not require frequent chemical treatments. Makes it possible to harvest an environmentally friendly harvest. The problem of winter hardiness of shoots is eliminated. Disadvantages - part of the harvest may not have time to ripen due to autumn frosts; it is slightly inferior to the taste and aroma of summer raspberries. The remontant one, compared to the ordinary one, does not reproduce willingly and is more demanding in terms of nutrition.
Summer and remontant varieties for growing raspberries as a business
Glen Fine(Glen Fyne)- a summer variety without thorns with a very high yield (up to 30 t/ha, 4 kg per bush).
The taste is high, the berries do not disintegrate and can be stored for up to 4 days. In the climatic conditions of Ukraine, Glen Fine is prone to partial manifestation of remontancy (fruiting on the shoots of the current year). In 2009, Glen Fine won as the best
summer raspberries in England.
Advantages: easy to grow, good winter hardiness (down to -30°C). Suitable for growing in greenhouses. A large percentage of marketable berries.
In our opinion, Glen Fine is one of the best varieties both for itself and for the fresh berry market. The low resistance to root rot declared by the originator was not confirmed in the climatic conditions of Ukraine. Observations were carried out for several years at our site in the village of Zaporozhye region. After testing on a small area, it was decided to significantly expand the Glen Fine plantings in our village for a berry business.
Malling Junot(Malling Juno) - new early variety raspberries Peculiarity Malling Juno – quick yield of the crop in a short period. A berry with a pleasant taste, sweet. The bush is completely thornless.
Early ripening, taste and yield strengthsMalling Junot in industrial cultivation.
0435D3 - a new English variety without thorns. The variety went on sale in 2014. The ripening period is early, the yield is very high. The average yield per bush is about 5 kg, with good care– up to 7 kg. The fruits are very sweet and large. Transportability of the berry is good. In all respects, very promising variety.
Lyashka (Lashka, Lyachka) is a very early Polish raspberry variety. The berries are large, up to 4 cm, weight – 5 g (up to 8-10 grams), cylindrical in shape, hard, tasty, with a pronounced raspberry smell. Taste: sweet and sour, 9 points out of 10.
Frost resistance -30 C. Shoot height up to 3 m. Optimal planting of bushes in a row is 0.5 m, the distance between rows is 2-2.5 m. In the second year of life, we form a fruit-bearing strip 40-50 cm wide. Optimal distance between shoots 20-25 cm. In spring, cut off the upper part of the shoot by ¼. Young shoots are tied to a two-strip trellis (2.3 m) on one side and last year’s shoots to the other.
When using film tunnels in Poland, the Laszka crop is harvested at the end of May. A month earlier than when grown in open ground. Now new remontant varieties are being tested indoors - Sokolica and Radziejowa (early ripening, 7-10 days earlier than Laszka)
Lyachka's strengths- early ripening, taste, presentation, tolerates long-term transportation, high yield (18-20 tons per hectare). In demand in the market.
It is worth noting that Lyachka is resistant to frost, but sometimes the buds freeze. Increased protection against fungal diseases is needed.
Joan Gee(Joan J) - the variety has large berries with an average weight of 6g. Productivity is 16-19 tons (Polka has a yield of 8-10 tons.) The fruits are hard, tasty, dark red, similar to Polka, but larger than scales. The variety showed high drought resistance. When growing Joan J for market, daily picking is recommended when the tip of the berry is not yet fully colored.
Advantages - the variety is productive and has absolutely no thorns. The berry is easily removed from the stalk.
Disadvantages - the pulp is quite dense, but the berry peel is of average strength. The presence of a trellis and a garter is required.
Despite the minor disadvantages, Joan G is the No. 1 remontant variety on our plot in the village for growing raspberries as a business. A lot of interesting information with real photographs about growing raspberries can be found in our photo album.
Shelf- Dutch variety, autumn term maturation. In Poland, the main variety for cultivation in field conditions. Berries weighing 4 to 8 grams, shiny, with good taste and aroma. The quality of the berries is much better than that of Polana, suitable for fresh consumption, freezing and processing. Extended fruiting period (until frost). Productivity (8-10t per hectare). Propagates well by root suckers. The shoots are powerful, up to 1.5 m high.
During prolonged autumn rains, the berries do not fall off and retain their presentation. Can be grown without a trellis. Good transportability. High yield of marketable berries (up to 95%).
Weak sides– in extreme heat it can get baked in the sun (southern Ukraine). The berry darkens after picking during storage. Not highly resistant to air drought, root canker and downy dwarf virus (RBDV).
Himbo Top(Himbo Top) - Swiss variety, has large berries weighing up to 10g. The shoots are very large, so a garter is required. The berry is firm, very tasty, and does not darken. In terms of transportability, the variety is slightly inferior to Polka. In Europe it is used for both autumn and summer fruiting.
Himbo Top has a high survival rate of seedlings. High yield and excellent taste, resistant to many diseases. The berry does not bake in the sun.
Disadvantages of the Himbo Top variety– overripe berries quickly fall off. Unripe and fully ripe berries are visually almost indistinguishable. When grown for summer fruiting, it may freeze slightly in the early years.
Zyugan(Sugana) is a remontant variety from Switzerland. Today Zyugana is the leading and universal variety from the Lubera company. Sugana is coming to get two harvests per season. The berry is very tasty with a good balance of acid and sweetness, and is transportable. At a temperature of +3-5 it can be stored for up to 7 days without loss of commercial quality. The average weight of the berry is 5-6 g, but with good care it can be 10-12 g. The shoots and roots are powerful, which makes it possible to grow zyugana without the use of a trellis on well-fertilized soils. The seedlings take root well on the site and produce a good harvest in the first year of planting.
Advantages - the berry does not bake in the sun, tolerates drought and heat well.
Disadvantages: the shoots are moderately thorny, but the thorns are not very aggressive.
Raspberry varieties for industrial cultivation in tunnels
In Europe, the following are grown in tunnels: Tulameen, Laszka, Glen Ample, Cowichan (Cowichan), Tadmor, Polka, Polonez, Kweli, Radiance.
Practical advice on growing raspberries as a business.
If you are planning to organize a raspberry business over large areas, then first plant small areas with different varieties. Observe growth and fruiting for 1-2 years, choose the raspberry variety(s) that have proven themselves to be the best. We use these areas as a queen cell to obtain planting material. Good predecessors for raspberries: lupine, mustard, alfalfa.
A department researcher tells more about the new technology berry crops Olga EMELYANOVA.
Today, the world is actively developing new technologies for growing raspberries in protected soil, which make it possible to “speed up” the harvest. One of these methods, which is actively used in Holland and Poland, is “ long cane"(translated from English - " long escape"), i.e. fruiting on two-year-old wood.
I read an interesting article on this topic in foreign literature, which described that with summer ripening raspberries you can get up to 50 tons of harvest per hectare! This information really interested me.
And last year the opportunity to try this unique method appeared at our institute. They decided to conduct the experiment on remontant raspberries in order to reveal the full potential of the cultivated varieties.
Long Escape Technology
The essence of the “long sape” technology is as follows: raspberries are grown in a greenhouse in round containers with a volume of 7.5 liters (two plants per pot), filled with a substrate based on coconut fiber (soaked in water).
Before planting, seedlings are kept in storage at a temperature not lower than 0 degrees. Planted 130-140 days before fruiting (in February). The containers are placed in rows (the distance between which is 1.75 m) 5-7 cm above the soil level - this can significantly reduce the level of infection by fungal diseases and root rot. To fix the shoots (their average height is 1.6-1.8 m), a trellis must be installed in the row. Plants are pollinated by bumblebees.
Feeding raspberries grown using this technology
Walking in the tunnel among the abundantly fruiting raspberries, I assume that such raspberry giants need special nutrition.
An important condition for the successful growth of raspberries in a greenhouse is the required temperature (not lower than +15 degrees), good lighting, provide air humidity of 65-75% high level mineral nutrition.
The “menu” was compiled specifically for raspberries and includes 16 macro- and microelements necessary for this crop. Moreover, fertilizers are constantly supplied along with drip irrigation- up to 10 times a day.
It's only the beginning!
This year, the first raspberries were harvested at the institute on May 18th. After harvest, plants need a period of rest - raspberries rest for about a month. It is cut off and transferred in pots to a cold room. At this time, no feeding, only watering so that the roots do not dry out. And in August, raspberries “wakes up” (grows, gives new shoots, blooms) and bears fruit until late autumn. Last year the last berries were picked on November 5th.
Can the “long sape” method be used in open ground?
You can try, but in this case you need pest control treatments. Yes and temperature regime difficult to control.
In winter, shoots may freeze. Why did we switch to protected ground?
In the last two years, the peak harvest of remontant raspberries falls under early autumn frosts (last year - September 7, the year before - September 5). As a result, the berry freezes. And in the greenhouse all conditions have been created to obtain two full-fledged high-quality harvests - in spring and autumn - with a fruit weight of 8-10 g.
The new technology makes it possible to improve the quality of berries, avoid damage to fruits by gray rot, reduce the number of treatments with pesticides, increase yield and extend shelf life.
Is it really possible to pick raspberries, say, in winter?
Why not? But this is an expensive pleasure - additional lighting and heating are needed. Although we have such ideas for the future.
Below are other entries on the topic “Do-it-yourself cottage and garden”
Material prepared by:
Deputy President of the Association of Gardeners of Russia (APYAPM), leading specialist of APPYAPM on berry crops
Shchekotova L.A.
Candidate of Biological Sciences, scientific consultant of APPYAPM
Danilova T.A.
APPYAPM specialist
Using material dr. Agnieszka Orzeł
New raspberry varieties for industrial production
Industrial raspberry plantation
The increase in the production of raspberry planting material is associated with the breeding of varieties for industrial production - Polyana and Polka, which bear fruit on annual shoots. These raspberry varieties have gained popularity among growers. Polka is a typical remontant variety with average shoot-forming ability. The main fruiting occurs on the shoots of the current year - 25 - 30 flowers are formed on the fruit branches. Fruit ripening begins at the end of July or August, and, as a rule, lasts three months. The variety is characterized by medium growth vigor. The fruits are large or medium-sized, slightly elongated, dense, shiny, almost hairless, rich in color, with a pronounced raspberry aroma, tasty, and resistant to gray rot and spider mites.
The Polka variety currently occupies a significant place in the world raspberry production. The high quality of the fruit has been noted by foreign producers and is grown as a dessert variety in many countries around the world. The percentage of healthy seedlings of the Polka variety was 90%.
Remontant raspberry varieties dominate
Industrial plantation of Polyana raspberries
Currently, industrial plantations are dominated by raspberry varieties that bear fruit from late summer to late autumn. After 2000, varieties began to appear that bear fruit on annual wood. The increased commercial interest in cultivating remontant raspberry varieties on annual wood is caused by economic and environmental factors. Fruiting on new annual shoots eliminates the problem of non-resistant shoots and flower buds to frost during harsh winters, which exists in raspberry varieties that bear fruit on biennial shoots. An important element here is an opportunity to increase supplies fresh berries To the market. The new type of raspberry varieties bear fruit until the first frost. In addition to Polyana and Polka, several varieties have appeared on the market that can also be used in industrial production– Polesie, Temptation, Morning Dew.
Glade (Polana)– a remontant standard variety with very marketable sweet and sour fruits, berries of medium size (4-7 g), dense, glossy, rich bright red color with a pleasant taste and aroma, with abundant fruiting on annual shoots, the autumn fruiting zone is 0, 9 – 1.1 m, transportability is good. The shoots are distinguished by long (up to 60 cm), highly branched (3-5 orders of branching) fruit branches, the yield is 1.5 - 2.0 kg per bush.
High-quality raspberries of the industrial remontant variety Polyana
The beginning of ripening is the third ten days of July, fruiting is long. The variety is productive. The potential yield is realized before autumn frosts by 60–80%. It is advisable to obtain one harvest with the removal of shoots before winter. Bushes of medium vigor - grow up to 1.5 m.
Temptation (Pokusa)– a variety with annual fruiting on annual shoots. The ripening of raspberries begins in the second week of August and lasts until autumn frosts.
Industrial raspberry variety Temptation
The bush is medium-sized. Shoot formation is good (some shoots reach 2 m in height). The berries are large and very large, slightly elongated in shape, with a dessert taste. Resistant to fungal diseases.
Morning dew (Poranna rosa)- late remontant variety. Fruit ripening begins in early September. It is very popular in industrial production due to the unique yellow-orange color of the fruit - as a complement to varieties with red berries.
Remontant raspberry variety – Morning dew
Small drupes are tightly interlocked, so the fruits are able to maintain their presentation long time. The shape of the fruit is round or slightly elongated. The taste of the variety is good, the berries taste slightly sour. Raspberry yield is about 3 kg per plant. The fruiting zone occupies approximately half the length of the shoot.
Polesie– one of the sweetest varieties of remontant raspberries, with a pleasant aroma and large berries, weighing up to 20 grams. Gardeners called this variety super raspberry.
Raspberry variety Polesie
The bush is powerful, does not lie down under the harvest, and ripe berries are distributed along the entire length of the shoot. Thanks to its high yield, each superraspberry bush produces more than one bucket of berries every year. Ripe fruits hang on the bush for up to two weeks without losing their appearance. The high content of biologically active substances in the berries indicates the suitability of the berries of this variety for processing.
Poemat- a late remontant variety, the fruits ripen in the second half of August, similar to the Polyana variety. The berries are red, glossy. The variety is demanding on the presence of iron in the soil. With iron deficiency, young leaves noticeably lighten or turn yellow. The edges of the leaf blades become brown.
Late remontant raspberry variety – Poemat
However, this element is not always available to plants, in the best possible way The application of iron is foliar feeding with sulfate or chelate forms at a dose of 0.8-1.0 kg/ha a.i.
Polonez– late remontant variety, fruit ripening on annual shoots begins in August.
Raspberry variety Polonez
The use of this variety determines the high amount of anthocyanins in the fruits, compared to other red-fruited raspberry varieties - 42.3 mg per 100 g of berries.
Sokolitsa– the berries ripen from the end of June, like the Lashka variety. The fruits are large, have the shape of a truncated cone, light red, with a slight shine, attractive appearance, very tasty. The variety is recommended for producing berries consumed fresh, as they have a dessert taste. Suitable for growing in tunnels.
Raspberry variety Sokolitsa (Sokolica)
Traditional fruiting raspberries
The high quality of fruits is not only about them appearance, but also their taste characteristics, determined chemical composition. In 2012, a new variety of early ripening black raspberries, Litach, was included in the GR. The variety bears fruit on thorny two-year-old shoots. The berries are medium-sized - 4-5 g, characterized by a high content of anthocyanins (743 mg/l), significantly exceeding this ingredient in blackberries, which contain 245 mg/l. The fruits are not dessert, but original taste, characteristic of black raspberry varieties.
Early ripening raspberries – Litach
Today, the most important task is to increase the volume of planting material that is in demand on the market for varieties with a traditional type of fruiting and a dessert taste of fruits, such as Lashka, Benefis and Rajova.
Laszka- variety with early ripening fruits with dessert taste, one of the most productive raspberry varieties. The variety bears fruit for a long time. The first berry harvest occurs in mid-June and continues until the end of July.
Raspberry variety Lashka
Two-year-old shoots produce many fruit branches of medium length. Plant growth is strong - up to 3 m, shoots are hard, with small thorns. The berries reach a very large size (over 4 cm) and have rectangular shape, transportability is excellent.
Benefit- a medium-late variety, bears fruit on two-year-old shoots from mid-July. The shoots are vigorous, rigid, curved at the top, thornless.
Variety of traditional fruiting period – Benefit
The berries are large and very large, cone-shaped, dark red with slight pubescence and dense pulp. The variety is winter-hardy and quite resistant to fungal diseases. The berries tolerate storage and transportation well and are suitable for freezing and canning. Frost resistance is low.
Radziejow- an early raspberry variety with fruiting on two-year-old shoots; fruit ripening begins in the second half of June, 10 days earlier than the Lashka variety. The variety is productive and valued for the dessert taste of the fruit. Suitable for growing in tunnels.
Early raspberry variety - Radziejow
The berries are characterized by high transportability. The fruits weigh more than 5 g, are spherical, with a strong coating, very tasty, suitable for mechanized harvesting and various types of processing.
Raspberry breeding tasks
Raspberry selection is focused on obtaining varieties:
- traditional - bearing fruit on two-year-old shoots, with high quality fruits (dessert);
- remontant - with high-quality fruits of dessert taste, allowing for a double harvest;
- suitable for mechanized fruit collection.
- New varieties that will provide high profitability must, in addition to high-quality fruits, have immunity to diseases and pests, as well as high adaptive potential.
- Selection to a new qualitative level of a variety is based on the selection of appropriate parental pairs with limiting phenotypic characteristics. The fruits of selected hybrid seedlings are assessed organoleptically. The stability of the variety is assessed after harvesting the fruit.
- Based on chemical analysis of raspberries, the best varieties by the content of biologically active substances: acetylsalicylic acid, which has an antiseptic, antipyretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammatory effect, as well as ascorbic acid(vitamin C) and anthocyanins.
- Hybridization includes donors of low susceptibility of plants to unfavorable environmental factors, such as drought or excess moisture, frost resistance. An important element of selection for resistance is the selection of parental pairs as sources of resistance to certain pests and pathogens, such as viral diseases, fruit rot, etc.
The ratio of raspberry varieties for an industrial plantation (conveyor delivery of berries)
